Friday, May 31, 2019

Nursing Home Abuse Essay -- Elderly Care Nursing Essays Papers

Nursing Home AbuseWith over 1.5 million elderly and dependent adults instantaneously living in nursing homes throughout the country, abuse and neglect has become a widespread problem. Even though some nursing homes provide honorable cargon, many be subjecting helpless residents to needless suffering and death. Most residents in nursing homes argon dependent on the staff for most or every(prenominal) their needs such as food, water, medicine, toileting, g agencying- almost all their daily supervise. Unfortunately, many residents in nursing homes today are starved, dehydrated, over-medicated, and suffer painful pressure sores. They are often isolated, ignored and deprived of social contact and stimulation. Because of insufficient and poorly trained staff commonly found in nursing homes. Care givers are often overworked and grossly underpaid that often results in rude and abusive behavior to vulnerable residents who beg them for simple needs such as water or to be taken to the bath room.Federal and State laws require that nursing homes build a plan of fearfulness and employ sufficient staffing to provide all the care listed on the care plan. Most corporate owned nursing homes today are not sufficiently staffed, and they can not provide all the care listed on the care plan. Consequently, residents are not taken to the toilet when necessary theyre often left lying in urine and feces. They also develop painful and life-threatening decubitus ulcers, and are not fed properly, theyre not given sufficient fluids. They are also over-medicated or under-medicated, and dropped causing painful bruises and fractures, are ignored and not included in activities, are left in bed all day, call lights not answered. These are all forms of negligence, performed daily in nursing homes.Nursing homes who receive federal funds are required to keep abreast with federal laws that specify that residents receive a high quality of care. In 1987 Congress responded to reports of widespre ad neglect and abuse in nursing homes during 1980s, which enacted legislation to reform nursing home regulations and require nursing homes instigateicipating in the Medicare and Medicaid programs to comply with certain requirements for quality of care. The legislation, included in the Omnibus Bud call for Reconciliation Act of 1987, which specifies that a nursing home must provide services and activities to polish off or maintain the highest practicable phys... ...al nurse on duty day and night?Nursing home care is pricey. Although prices vary, the basic charge for a double-bed room in a typical nursing home is in the range of $20,000 to $50,000 a year. Homes in rural areas tend to be slightly less expensive than those in cities. The costs of medications and physician visits are not included in the basic charge. Also, special treatments such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy often add to the cost. in that location are also possible additional charges for drugs, laun dry, haircuts, and extra services. Some nursing homes are operated as nonprofit corporations. They are sponsored by religious, charitable, fraternal and other groups or ran by government agencies at the federal, state, or local levels. But many nursing homes are businesses operated for profit. Individuals or corporations may own them. Sometimes they are part of a chain of nursing homes.Now, you can see that Nursing Home abuse is a big problem in America. You might want to get involved in our local program against nursing home abuse. I will leave you with one last statistic, 1 out of every 8 nursing home patients are abused in some way. Wouldnt you like to help them?

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Free Essays - Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms :: Farewell Arms Essays

Farewell to Arms A Farewell to Arms, by Ernest Hemingway, is a typical love story. A Romeo and his Juliet primed(p) against the odds. In this novel, Romeo is Frederick Henry and Juliet is Catherine Barkley. Their love affair must survive the obstacles of World War I. The background of war-torn Italy adds to the tragedy of the love story. The war affects the emotions and determines of each(prenominal) character. The love between Catherine and Frederick must outlast long separations, life-threatening war-time situations, and the uncertainty of each others whereabouts or condition. This novel is a beautiful love story of 2 people who need each other in a period of upheaval. Frederick Henry is an Ameri bottomland who serves as a lieutenant in the Italian host to a group of ambulance drivers. Hemingway portrays Frederick as a lost man searching for order and value in his life. Frederick disagrees with the war he is fighting. It is too chaotic and mean for him to rationa lize its cause. He fights anyway, because the army puts some form of discipline in his life. At the start of the novel, Frederick drinks and travels from one house of prostitution to another and yet he is discontent because his life is very unsettled. He befriends a priest because he admires the fact that the priest lives his life by a set of values that apply him an orderly lifestyle. Further into the novel, Frederick becomes involved with Catherine Barkley. He slowly falls in love with her and, in his love for her, he finds commitment. Their relationship brings some order and value to his life. Compared to this new form of order in his life, Frederick sees the losing Italian army as total chaos and disorder where he had previously seen discipline and control. He can no longer remain a part of something that is so disorderly and so, he deserts the Italian army. Fredericks desertion from the Italian army is the turning percentage point of the novel. This is the signif icance of the title, A Farewell to Arms. When Frederick puts aside his involvement in the war, he realizes that Catherine is the order and value in his life and that he does not need anything else to oblige meaning to his life.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The Origin of Judgment :: Judgment Edmund Husserl Essays

The Origin of JudgmentIntroductionThe guiding thesis of Experience and Judgment is that logic demands a foundational theory of experience, which at the lowest level is described as prepredicative or prelinguistic.1 Edmund Husserl pursues within that text a phenomenological elucidation of the origin of intellect in order that he major power clarify the essence of the predicative judgment. He does so in the belief that an investigation into the form of prepredicative experience will show it to be the ground of the social grammatical construction of predicative thought, and thus the origin of general, conceptual thought.From the beginning, Husserl takes the problematic of logic as being two-fold on the one hand there is the question of the constitution of forms of judgment and their laws and on the other, that of the subjective conditions of the attainment of self-evidence.2 He gives his investigation into this problematic in Experience and Judgment a tripartite structure, with each part corresponding to a different level of experience. This paper will loosely mirror Husserls own division, beginning with an articulation of what Husserl means by the prepredicative domain of experience. This will be followed by an examination of the origins of judgment in the prepredicative realm. Finally it will address simple predicative judgment and give a cursory treatment of the style in which Husserl sees such judgment as progressing toward knowledge and universal judgment. All of this will be preceded, however, by a brief introduction to the arguments of Experience and Judgment. In Part I of Experience and Judgment, Husserl proceeds with an analysis of the passive data of experience. It is here that Husserl hopes to exhibit what he refers to as the prepredicative conditions of predication as such. These prepredicative conditions underlie every(prenominal) act of objective experience, such that these structures ultimately found the distinct forms of judgment that one wou ld encounter on the level of formal logic. Part II concerns the structure of predicative thought as such that is, it is concerned with the origin of predicative forms of judgment in prepredicative experience. Husserl argues that on the level of predicative thought, objectivities of understanding are cognise in acts of categorical judgment, which form the logical structures necessary to the founding of a formal logic. The origin of general, conceptual thought is treated in Part III. The functioning of isolating the forms of judgment from the data of pregiven subjective experience, begun in Part II, is here continued.

The Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

The Lord of the FliesThe adventure novel, The Lord of the Flies, was an epic tale that depictedthe different facets of the human spirit. It was written by William Golding inthe 1950s and recieved some(prenominal) a(prenominal) awards. It was adjudged the "Outstanding Novel ofthe Year" by E.M. Forrester. The author did in no wat mean for this story to bebiographical, but Mr. Golding depicted well the many different aspect of humannature. The book has been described as "provacative, vivid and enthralling,"but Time and Tide said it best when they wrote, It is not only a first-rateadventure story but a parable of our times."     The novel took place on an island probably somewhere in the middle ofthe Atlantic. This can be inferred because of the fact that the boys areBritish and that they arrived on the island by way of a plane cradsh. The storyalso occurred during wartime.     The story begins when a group of British boys break up on an uninhabitedisland. In the beginning they area all unruly and unmorginized. Finally, a boyby the nakme of Ralph decides to take charge and call a meeting. The boysdeclare him chief and then begin to follow his lead. Ralph is also assistedby another lad by the name of Piggy. The group of boys were getting along exquisitelyuntil Jack Merridew, a boy who wanted to be chief instead, decided to go hisown way. He disobeyed Ralph and did things his own way. He was to preoccupiedwitdh his own whims to do the act that was most important on the island, whichwas to keep the signal going so they could be rescued. Finally, Jack wentagainst Ralph and declared that if any of the other boys wanted to bemuse fun,which meant acting like savages, that they should follow him. The boys splot upinto two groups and then havoc insued. Jacks group went around hunting andbeing barbaric while the others try to get rescued. In the end Jack hadgotten all the boys except Ralph to run around loke wild animals. Then whenJack got tired of dealing with Ralph, he convinced(p) wvery unmatched to try and kill him.By then however, a navy ship had come an they could never get around to thenasty deed.     There was more than one antagonist in the story, The Lord of the Flies.They were Ralph, Piggy, and all the other boys who tried to sustain order andlaw on the island. To begin with, Ralph was the first chief on the island.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Prevention of Employee Theft Essay -- Expository Exemplification Essay

Prevention of Employee Theft Why do employees feel free to steal? Most employee theft occurs because it is too easy. What can a company do to prevent employee theft? What should a company do to employee thieves? The following paragraphs summarize a few ideas. Employee theft is a crime that is cost U.S. companies a great deal of money. Employee thefts are growing in number, partially because the perpetrators really do not see themselves as barbarouss and rationalize what they are doing in much the same way as taxpayers rationalize income tax fraud. Employee theft is one of many personnel problems that is easier to prevent than to solve. Prevention should begin before an applicant becomes an employee. Some theft prevention might include recruiting trustworthy employees which includes performing background checks to help screen applicants. However, a background check or criminal records check does have its limitations. For example, most people who steal from their employees are never caught. When Acme Company was having a problem with employee theft, the firm found that the prevailing military position was that corporate losses were normal and even acceptable. Management took a variety of steps to remedy the situation. First, a clearly stated policy was communicated that theft would be prosecuted. A more humanistic approach was developed for employee supervision, and supervisors were trained to be more sensitive to the needs of subordinates. In addition, an anonymous theft reporting vehement line was set up outside the company, and rewards were provided when an investigation resulted in a conviction. The program was successful, illustrating that both traditional and innovative steps must be taken to reduce the i... ...f escape with dethawal rather than criminal proceedings. Failure to prosecute employee theft only leads to its increase. Many companies probably think that prosecution will permit other current and future employees think that stealing is easy in the company. Depending on the nature of the crime, I think companies need to prosecute employee thieves and/or dismiss the employee and make arrangements with the employee to pay back what was stolen. Works Cited Bassett, James W. Nursing Homes Taking A Hard Line Against Crime. UMI (1996) 13-18 Janssen, Marvin J. security system Management The Case of the Missing Money. UMI 11161.00 (1995) 77-79 Price, William. Security Management Reeling In Dishonest Employees. UMI 11161.00 (1995) 48-52. Sipes, Leonard Adam, Jr. Security Management Tradition Takes A Twist. UMI 1116 1. 00 (1987) 41-44.

Prevention of Employee Theft Essay -- Expository Exemplification Essay

Prevention of Employee Theft Why do employees feel free to err? Most employee theft occurs because it is too easy. What can a company do to prevent employee theft? What should a company do to employee thieves? The following paragraphs summarize a few ideas. Employee theft is a crime that is costing U.S. companies a great deal of money. Employee thefts are growing in number, partially because the perpetrators really do non see themselves as criminals and rationalize what they are doing in much the same way as taxpayers rationalize income tax fraud. Employee theft is one of many military group problems that is easier to prevent than to solve. Prevention should begin before an applicant becomes an employee. Some theft prevention might include recruiting trustworthy employees which includes performing background checks to help covert applicants. However, a background check or criminal records check does have its limitations. For example, most people who steal from their em ployees are never caught. When Acme Company was having a problem with employee theft, the firm found that the prevailing attitude was that corporate losses were normal and even acceptable. Management took a variety of steps to remedy the situation. First, a clearly stated policy was communicated that theft would be prosecuted. A more humanistic approach was developed for employee supervision, and supervisors were trained to be more sensitive to the demand of subordinates. In addition, an anonymous theft reporting hot line was set up outside the company, and rewards were provided when an investigation resulted in a conviction. The program was successful, illustrating that both handed-down and innovative steps must be taken to reduce the i... ...f escape with dismissal rather than criminal proceedings. Failure to prosecute employee theft only leads to its increase. umpteen companies probably think that prosecution will let other current and future employees think that stealing is easy in the company. Depending on the nature of the crime, I think companies need to prosecute employee thieves and/or dismiss the employee and make arrangements with the employee to pay back what was stolen. Works Cited Bassett, James W. Nursing Homes Taking A Hard straining Against Crime. UMI (1996) 13-18 Janssen, Marvin J. Security Management The Case of the Missing Money. UMI 11161.00 (1995) 77-79 Price, William. Security Management Reeling In Dishonest Employees. UMI 11161.00 (1995) 48-52. Sipes, Leonard Adam, Jr. Security Management Tradition Takes A Twist. UMI 1116 1. 00 (1987) 41-44.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Childhood Illnesses Essay

2.1There are many pip-squeakhood illnesses listed below are some examples Croup A fry tail get croup at any time of the y stiletto heel, although its more likely to occur during late autumn/ pinnaly winter. This may be because there is more are - a sore throat, runny nose, high temp and a cough. Over a day or 2 item symptoms of croup will develop these include a bark like cough, a horse or croaky voice, worry breathing ( a approximate grating noislk.e when they breathe in) and have difficulty swallowing. If a child shows signs of suffering with Croup seek medical advice / visit GP. Measles The initial symptoms of measles come on almost day 10 after you have had the measles infection and make it for up to 14 eld. The measles copey usually appears within a few days. The initial symptoms are - cold-like symptoms ( runny nose, watery eyes etc) eyes will be red and light sensitive, a temp peaking at 40.6C/105F for several days ( their temp will then start to fall but will i ncrease again once the rash appears) clarified greyish-white spots in the mouth and throat, fatigue duty ,irritability, lack of energy, aches and pains, poor craving and a red/brown rash.The Measles rash appears 2-4 days after thee initial symptoms and tramp last for up to 8 days. The rash usually starts behind the ear then spreads to the head, neck and the rest of the body. The spots will usually get bigger and join up together. If you laughable a child has Measles seek medical advise/ visit GP. epidemic parotitis The symptoms of mumps usually develop 14-25 days after the child has scram infected. This is known as the incubation period. Swelling of the glands being the nearly common symptom that a child has Mumps (they are just below each ear). Other symptoms may include headache, joint pain, feeling sick, dry mouth, belly pain, feeling precise tired, loss of appetite and a high temp (38C/100.4F) or above. Seek medical advice/ visit GP if you suspect a child has Mumps. C hicken Pox The most common sign that a child has Chicken syphilis is a red rash that can cover their entire body.However, ever before the rash appears the child may have shown flu- like symptoms. Soon after an itchy rash will appear. Some children may only get a few spots while other will be completely covered. The spots normally appear in clusters and tend to be behind their ears, on their face, in their scalp, under their arms and behind their knees. But the spots can appear anywhere including in their mouth and ears. The rash will start small but will develop quickly within 12-24 hours and the spots will develop into blisters and become increasingly itchy. If you suspect a child has Chicken pox seek medical advice/ visit GP. Whooping Cough The symptoms of Whooping Cough can take between 6-20 days to develop. Whooping cough tends to develop in stages from mild symptoms at scratch line followed by a period of more severe symptoms before improvement begins. The early symptoms of Whooping cough are often similar to those of the common cold.These early symptoms can last for up to 2 weeks before becoming more severe. The second stage is often characterised by intense bouts of coughing. This is often known as the paroxysmal stage and has the following symptoms - intense coughing that brings up phlegm, a whoop sound with each intake of breathe after coughing, vomiting after coughing, tiredness and redness after coughing. Each bout of coughing usually lasts between 1-2 minutes, but several bouts may occur in quick session and last several minutes. Young children may also seems to choke or become blue in the face when they have a bout but they should pass on to normal once its finished. Seek medical advice/ visit GP if you suspect a child has Whooping cough. Rubella The symptoms of Rubella take 2-3 weeks to develop. During this incubation period the child may have a slightly raised temperature and complain that they are getting a cold.The main Rubella symptoms are the rubella rash this is a distinctive red-pink colour. The rash appears as spots which may slightly itch usually starting behind the ear before spreading around the head and neck area. They may also have swollen lymph modes and a high temp. Ear infection A pain in the ear is the number 1 symptom of an ear infection. The child may not be able to communicate their pain but they will be pulling at their ear and it will look red in colour. Other symptoms of an ear infection are a child complaining that it hurts to swallow. They may also have difficulty sleeping due to the pain. There may also be an unpleasant smell coming from the ear. They may also appear to be unsteady on their feet due to a lack of balance and have trouble hearing quieter noises ( may request things are turned up)If you suspect a child has an ear infection seek medical help/ visit GP has the child will require anti-biotics. Conjunctivitis is a infection in the eye. Its very common in the under 5 year olds. Th e signs to look out of ( as conjunctivitis is very contractable) are teary, red, itchy, painful eye. The eyelid may become swollen and my be weeping a yellow/green discharge which makes it difficult to open. Have a high temp and be sensitive to light. If you suspect a child is suffering from Conjunctivitis seek medical help/ visit GP has the child will require a course of anti- biotic cream. Impetigo is one of the most common skin infections among children usually affecting pre-school and school age children.A child is more likely to develop impetigo if they have already been irritated by other skin problems such as eczema, poison ivy, insect bites and cuts/grazes from a recent injury. The symptoms that a child has impetigo are clusters of red bumps/blisters around an area of redness. There may be fluid oozing from the blister or look dry and crusty. The sores usually appear around the mouth and nose, or on skin not covered by clothing. Seek medical help/visit GP if you suspect a child has impetigo has its highly contagious and the child will need a course of anti- biotics.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Impact of Mixed Ability Classrooms in Catholic School

A literature reappraisal is an history of what has been published on a subject by commissioned bookmans and look into bring iners ( Taylor, P.1 ) . In this chapter, my intent is to convey what cognition and thoughts dedicate been established by others in my research field. I would dissertate the literature which would assist me reply my research inquiriesWhat is the match of heterogeneous efficiency Classrooms in a Catholic groom since its execution in 2005?Did small-scale winners mightiness hosting dodge of GCS have a important impact on academic school accomplishment?Could interracial mightiness Classrooms and efficiency Classrooms continue to coexist in the hereafter?The literature reviews what international organic structure has anchor on immix Ability and Ability Grouping and how it has impacted since execution, every minute of arc good as its deductions in Mauritius particularly for GCS.This chapter is schematically structured as followsAssorted Ability Ma uritanian definition v/s othersAssorted Ability Learning, Teaching and Assessment Strategies which could be applicable but argon non utilise in the Mauritanian contextAssorted Ability DisadvantagesAbility Grouping definition and which one is adapted to GCS. The pros and cons of AbilityGroupingAbility Grouping v/s Decisions of other literatures on the correlativity bing between assortSchool accomplishment and accomplishment2 Assorted AbilityAssorted Ability is foremost defined before its deduction in the Mauritanian context is considered. Mckeon ( 2004 ) defines Assorted Ability Classroom as a group dwelling of able, mean, and kids with larning troubles in the akin category. ( cited in Bremner, 2008, p.2 ) . Ireson and Hallam ( 2001 ) reinforce the thought of Mixed Ability schoolrooms as those providing for several(a) direct musical modes and penchants . ( cited in Bremner, 2008, p.2 ) . These dickens definitions argon unvarying with what is found in the Mauritanian context.In 2005, the BEC changed the corporate advise of all Mauritian Catholic Schools in following the Mixed Ability insurance. This was translated by a alteration in the consumption standards of these schools for Form 1 pupils. Admission standards, under BEC auspices, for Form 1 pupils since 2005 ar as followsAggregate of 15 to 20 units at the Certificate of Primary EducationZoning The Secondary School where application is lodged should be in the same zone as thePrimary School attendSocial Cases on Humanitarian evidencesIndividual consequences in English, Mathematics, Science, French or History/Geography ( in that rescript ) go forth be used for campaigners with the same sumAptitude tests/Interviews/Random choice if on that point are excessively many successful applications( Beginning BEC, 2003 ) in that respectfore the Form 1 schoolrooms in Catholic Schools had a diverse group of pupils since 2005. This state of affairs harmonises itself with the Catholic Education mission which is to humanise pedagogics, teaching methods, methods, agencies for pupils, teachers, parents to be more humanaA human cultivation is a collaborative and originative attack to larning ( Bishop Piat, Le Mauricien, Jan. 2006 ) .Assorted exponent categories in Catholic schools of Mauritius and then are made up of low, in-between and lavishly gear winners within the same schoolroom. This construct is acknowledged by Dauguet ( 2007 ) that in Mauritius Assorted Ability is related to performance-based chemical groups ( p.58 )and Merven ( 2005 ) where pupils with incompatible academic degrees volition be in the same schoolroom ( p.36 ) .It is understood that Mixed Ability is related to distinction since diverseness means differences ( Tileston, 2004, p.13 ) . The construct of distinction can be defined as impact the someone demands of each scholar, of custom-making direction to assist pupils larn ( Fogarty, 2005, p.2 ) . .Rose ( 2009 ) compared a Mixed Ability Class w ith an lift.The category is a lift, and everyone demands to acquire into the lift. Some will acquire on while others have to be dragged in. Some will go to the top while others may halt at the 3rd floor, others may just crystalize the first floor but everyone would h aging travelled successfully someplace. ( English Teaching Professional, p. 3 ) .This narrative is in line with Mixed Ability doctrine where every pupil can go forth the schoolroom feeling that they have been challenged and that they have achieved something. Teaching, Learning and Appraisals are ingredients used as tools to do a Mixed Ability category effectual.2.1 Learning, Teaching and Assessment Strategies in Mixed Ability ClassroomsGCS Mixed Ability Classrooms have characteristics which are features of two the differentiated schoolroom every oddball good as the traditional 1. ( Appendix.. ) . In my survey I aim to happen out whether Assorted Ability Classrooms at GCS were consistent with what is said on the su bject in the international literature. Therefore Teaching, Learning and Assessment plans which are used presently under Mixed Ability Policy would supply stuff for comparative analysis in my research.Tomlinson ( 1999 ) suggested that an pedagogue in a differentiated schoolroom would utilize as their mean footing, the pupils differences. The scholars on the other manus would be guided to do acquisition picks based on their involvements. In this context the scholars would be provided with an array of larning profiles such as preparedness, involvement and their attitude to larning which would determine direction. In a assorted major power schoolroom there is the possibility that pupils help their co-learners in trouble every bit good as their teachers in happening solutions to jobs. Furthermore pupils work with the pedagogue to establish encompassing whole- division every bit good as single acquisition purposes.In the same line of idea, the Mixed Ability attack expressed by Harris and Snow ( 2004 ) would do pupils go more effectual scholars and the customs of learner-centred schemes would better them the pick of content every bit good as larning manner. ( cited in Bremner, 2008 ) . Bremner ( 2008 ) acknowledged that Mixed Ability Classroom success depends on pupils larning as an person instead than holding a whole category instruction.The instructor in developing its instruction schemes would concentrate on multiple signifiers of intelligences found in diverse schoolroom as stipulated by Tomlinson ( 1999 ) . She farther advocated that in this context pedagogues will do custom of many instructional agreements every bit good as multiple learning stuffs or resources. Therefore this would take to multiple dos on thoughts and events. In this manner, the teacher/facilitator enhances pupil s accomplishments in position of doing independent scholars. The GCS pedagogues in the survey were concerned about the deficiency of resources. The scarce resources could be circumvented ( Bremner 2008 ) by Educators learning scholars to be effectual. This should be do by puting accomplishable ends, by doing usage of available tools and maintaining those in good running conditions, and by pull offing efficaciously their clip allocated for work.To reenforce the key factors which would do a Mixed Ability Class successful, Moutou ( 2006 ) advocated that resource individual should hold a well planned and organised lesson program. The instructor should do proviso to provide for individualized demands. In order to suit assorted pupils demands, it should be protrudeed by multi undertakings for one lesson. This scenario is more disputing for the instructor covering with multi degree category than a individual degree category. Similarly, this position is consistent with GCS pedagogues who found Mixed Ability Classrooms disputing. This ambitious attitude is reflected by the undermentioned quotation mark from Hubbard, Jones, Thornton and Wheeler Teacher s attit ude, their willingness to make, a maven of community in category, and a echt desire to assist, there can be progress at all degrees ( 1983, p.318, cited in Moutou, 2006, p.1 ) .This ambitious attitude is contrasted with instructor centred attack where learning accent is on text book context and really few activities hence engendering hapless lessons. This state of affairs is farther reinforce by deficient coaction in groups every bit good as unequal differentiated undertakings in category. ( HM Inspectors of Education cited in Bremner 2008 ) .GCS Educators have been challenged by the new policy to seek new ways of instruction and to do usage of available stuffs. Therefore, preparation and resources are of import tools to do a Mixed Ability category effectual. This links good with what Corbel ( 1989 ) said Professional development occurs of course in Mixed Ability Classes. These are categories that tie us to happen better ways of puting up everyday undertakings. They are the cat egories that make us consider, create and turn as a instructor . ( p.4 ) .Learning, instruction and appraisals are portion of the pupil life. Thus, Tomlinson ( 1999 ) advanced that a schoolroom appraisal is on-going and diagnostic ( p.16 ) . He farther acknowledged that assorted types of assignments should be used in Mixed Ability Classrooms. To be in harmoniousness with a scholar s demand clip flexibleness should non be a restraint.Differentiated/Mixed Ability direction and appraisal work together ( Tomlinson 1999, Chapman and King 2005 ) . Marzano ( 2000 ) suggested purposes of appraisal and direction as follows Appraisal should concentrate on pupil s usage of cognition and complex concluding instead than their callback of low degree information Direction must reflect the best of what we know about how learning occurs. ( cited in Chapman and King, 2005, p. )Fullan ( 1998 ) reflects the above in qualifying that appraisal has to drive the educational alteration docket around l arning and pupil accomplishment ( cited in Chapman and King, 2005, p. ) . Assessment is therefore portion of direction and has to be on-going and encompassing the acquisition procedure. Its purpose is to supply instructors with information on pupils profiles accomplishments, involvements and larning scheme ( Tomlinson, 1999, p. ) . Teachers in differentiated schoolroom ( Tomlinson 1999 ) saw mind non as a tool that semen at the terminal of a chapter or unit where it examined what has been learned instead it views appraisal as a manner of altering direction scheme. Differentiated appraisal should be used to roll up information on the pupils demands, accomplishments, prior cognition, manner and velocity at which they make for new acquisition, and of showing advancement ( Chapman and King ( 2005 ) p. ) .When sifting through the literature it is observed that varied agencies of appraisal directs larning and direction. In this context Formative Assessment which is current befo re, during and after direction provides feedback on effectual pupil acquisition ( Chapman and King, 2005 ) . Diagnostic appraisals, as acknowledged by Dryer ( 2008 ) are done during the learning procedure. They move to observe larning troubles in pupils and this has to be attended to. Appraisals, as defined by Dryer ( 2008 ) occur at the terminal of the learning rhythm or introduce and measures accomplishment are called Summative. The consequences ( p.17 ) are used as acknowledged by Chapman and King ( 2005 ) as evidence for a class, for describing to parents, to place award receivers or to do arrangement determinations ( p. ) . Differentiated Appraisals are contrasted with traditional appraisal still in usage in Mauritanian schools.Puhl ( 1997 ) reflects on traditional appraisal which has as purpose summational trials that forces scholars to analyze. Traditional assessment focal point in on memorization and instructor centred scheme and encourages direction as a merchandise. Th e ensuing feedback on summational trials is concluding and normally these trials are written work. Mauritius, whose analyzing organic structure is external UCLES, is a advocate of summational scrutinies. As it is an island and depends on export and imports for its endurance, it has to vie. This overall competition brings frontward an elitist society where Education follows the tendency. The Mauritanian instruction system allows for star or national schools where the best acting pupil is recruited, laureates ( top bedded pupils at Higher School Certificate who benefits from a scholarship ) , and the parallel instruction broad tuition based. each(prenominal) this encouraged the elitist system to proliferate. As solitary concluding mark counts in such system, summational scrutinies are adopted throughout the Mauritanian school system.Although since the 70 s in England, and under the different Education Mauritian policy documents, Mixed Ability doctrine has been encouraged, such schoolrooms have encountered jobs. Salli-copur ( 2005 ) reported that it is hard for a instructor even for a petite group to follow each scholar. Due to single differences pupils react otherwise to text book which can be gratifying for some and tiring for others. There is besides the fact that, pupils who feel confident vocalism out their replies quicker and more frequently than the diffident 1s. GCS Mixed Ability Classrooms are big. As a consequence of ailments from GCS Educators meeting troubles in managing and teaching Mixed Ability Classrooms, Low Achievers Ability Classroom was formed.2.2 Ability GroupingAs a consequence of Mixed Ability Policy implemented in the Catholic School under probe in the research, the low winners baron grouping was formed and used as a scheme to advance acquisition and beef up academic accomplishment.As stipulated by George ( 1988 ) the ability grouping chemical formula at GCS is aimed atincreasing academic criterions compared to what it was in a assorted ability environment,the pupils which could encompass a good feeling/attitude towards schools and besides in their input as a scholar,reenforcing instructors effectivity.In poring over through the literature, it was discovered that the ability grouping is besides known as scene, stria, drift, tracking. This is reflected in the undermentioned quotation mark The contention of set uping pupils in categories by accomplishment degrees, called setting or streaming in Scotland and tracking or ability grouping in the United States is over 100 old ages old . ( Gamoran, 2002 ) .Therefore ability grouping is defined as Ability grouping is the pattern of spliting pupils for direction on the footing of their sensed capacities for larning ( Balanced resume, 2002, Vol 6, No.2 ) .The Balanced View ( 2002 ) makes the differentiation between within category grouping and between category grouping . The former group separates pupils of same ability into smaller groups while the l ast mentioned allocate pupils to different categories based on accomplishment. GCS has adopted the ulterior system. Smith and Sutherland ( 2003 ) offered a principle for ability grouping in the sense that instructors would experience non merely more at easiness with a smaller scope of ability but besides it could be a manner of dividing pupils with behavior jobs. Such a category would actuate pupils and scholars to larn better than in a Assorted Ability one and therefore hold a opportunity in bettering their consequences. ( cited in the Journal of Research in Particular Education Needs, 2003 ) .GCS standards for Ability Grouping would be consistent with Barker-Lunn ( 1970 ) thought that Teachers, faced with a Assorted Ability category, will group the students harmonizing to their abilities in other words, they will work out the jobs presented to them by the unstreamed school by streaming within the category ( Cited in Kelly, 1978, p.96 ) . Kelly ( 1978 ) hike added that there is a direct correlativity between accomplishment and grouping. The pupils with same working gait and past accomplishments would be grouped together.The pattern in GCS is correspondent to what is describe by Oakes ( 15 & A 16 cited in Johnson ( 2002 ) . The latter acknowledged that pupils can be grouped through the undermentioned standards accomplishment through trials prevalent presentation, instructors perceptual experience of where to locate the pupils degree of understanding and learning, and their chances of what pupils delegate to make after graduation. Therefore, Oakes acknowledged that a homogenous group would be consistent with the scholars demands. Johnson ( 2002 ) further emphasised that to group scholars with their equals who are in similar procedure of acquisition is a corroboratory move. Ability grouping would therefore do instruction cost-efficient and effectual for all pupils while recognizing single differences. ( Johnson, 2002, p 2 ) .Grouping harmonizing to ability is non new Ireson and Hallam recount that Historically, grouping in the UK had been based on move of general ability or intelligence, such as verbal logical thinking and cognitive abilities. During the 1960 s and 1970 s such trial were used by many secondary schools to apportion students to streams on entry. Students were so taught in their streamed categories for all lessons ( 1999, p.343-344 ) .GCS Ability grouping could turn out to be a discouraging scheme for the school if the disadvantages that are revealed in the literature become applicable to the school. Oppositions of ability grouping as written in the Balanced View ( 2002 ) do non believe in its good effects as they prescribed that this type of grouping encouraged the channelling of hapless and minority pupils to have set about quality direction therefore lending to enlarge the spread between the low and towering winners. ( Vol 6, No.2 ) . Other statements advanced by Hollifield ( 1987 ) against ability gro uping are, that the pattern creates categories or groups of low winners who are deprived of the illustration and stimulation provided by high winners. Labeling pupils harmonizing to ability and delegating them to low-achievement groups may besides pass on self-fulfilling low outlooks . ( p.1 ) . This farther links to Gamoran ( 1998 ) discriminatory judgment that ability grouping creates status hierarchy in the school system. To label pupils as being incompetent or less smart could make inequities outside the schoolroom ( cited in Johnson, 2002, p.2 ) .2.3 Ability Grouping v/s AccomplishmentSince one of my research inquiries is to happen out the whether there is a important impact between ability grouping and academic accomplishment, it is deserving observing the different literature on the topic.Slavin ( 1986 ) proceeded to a Best Evidence Analysis . To make so, he reviewed five comprehensive ability grouping programs in simple schools. The grouping programs are ability gr ouped category assignment, reorganizing for reading or mathematics, the Joplin Plan, not pass judgment programs, and within-class ability grouping ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) .The Ability Grouped Class Assignment placed pupils in a schoolroom on an ability footing. The grounds found by Slavin ( 1986 ) showed that this type of grouping has no consequence on pupil accomplishment in the simple school. The Regrouping for reading or mathematics is merely done during those two categories as for most of the twenty-four hours the pupils are in their assorted ability schoolrooms. This grouping has proved advantageous on pupil accomplishment. This has been enhanced by the fact that degree and direction gait had been adapted to achievement degree. However, it must be noted that the above regrouping to be proved efficient, it should be catered for non more than two topics. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) .The Joplin Plan regrouped pupils across class degrees for illustration high accomp lishing 4th classs, mean 5th graders, low accomplishing six classs form portion of the 50 class reading category. Slavin s ( 1987 ) found strong grounds of such grouping additions reading accomplishment. This piece of information reflects what was said antecedently in the chapter, that the impression of high winners exciting low winners when they are assorted into a schoolroom. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) .The Non Graded Plan which channelled pupils into flexible groups based on public presentation, the topic course of study is divided in such a manner that pupils improve at their ain gait. This program has proved a positive relationship between grouping and accomplishment. Similarly Within-Class Ability Grouping where pupils are grouped harmonizing to their ability in one schoolroom, grounds has shown a positive correlativity between grouping and accomplishment. However, Slavin ( 1986 ) , found out that the effects were somewhat greater for low winners than for center or lower circulars. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) .Slavin ( 1986 ) concluded that schools and instructors should follow methods that have proved its effectivity where ability grouping is concerned. These methods include within-class ability grouping in Maths, Non graded programs in Reading, and the Joplin program. If ability grouped category assignment use an alternate grouping where pupils are assigned on public presentation degree so it can be used in ability grouping category. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) .Slavins ( 1986 ) recommendations for successful ability grouping and positive accomplishment degreeThis type of grouping should be done merely for some topics while in other topics the pupils should be in assorted ability schoolrooms. To learn a accomplishment, for illustration, Reading, the usage of grouping programs would cut down pupil heterogeneousness ( ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . The same program would non work if IQ or Achievement degree is being tested. If the instructor formed little within ability groups this will assist instruction better as the instructor will be able to give better support. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) .The literature has besides revealed that low circulars made as much advancement as high circulars when they are submitted to certain conditions. Gamoran ( 1993 ) explained that a US Catholic schools applied a rigorous academic course of study in lower ability grouping where the same instructors taught in low and high degrees, the academic course of study stayed the same for both groups and verbal interactions and treatments form portion of the instruction and acquisition scheme. All this factors combined had a positive consequence on achievement degree.However, there have been surveies where it has been found that ability grouping aggravate inequalities in accomplishment.Kerckhoff ( 1986 ) ( cited in Gamoran ( 2002 ) , commented on the impact of puting v/s achievement inequality. The grounds that he used came from the Nationa l Child Development Survey ( NCDS ) ( informations collected comes from a 1958 British age group over 20 old ages ) . Data collected are from England and Wales. Kerckhoff showed that pupils accomplishment degree is greater in schools or categories which apply ability grouping while those pupils in assorted ability categories have decreased achievement degree. However, low degrees schools and categories fell far behind. Kerckhoff ( 1986 ) besides explained that there is an mean degree of achievement evolution when comparing Mixed Ability and Setting grouping schools. This is due to the fact that high winners success is balanced against low winners loss.Inequalities in accomplishment could besides be due to differentiated schoolroom direction. In his article, Gamoran ( 2002 ) explained these findings from the surveies of English categories in US secondary schools. The survey revealed that high degree pupils who are channelled towards more academic classs with the support of experi ent, qualified and prepared pedagogues who cover instruction and learning stuffs challengingly and at a faster gait show higher degree of accomplishment than the low achieving schoolroom. The low degree of accomplishment for low degree category was due to the riotous behavior of the pupils and where the instructor set written work instead than promoting unfastened ended inquiries and verbal interactions.Ability Grouping fell in disfavor, harmonizing to Hallam, Ireson and Davies ( 2004 ) , when educational theory decided against ability grouping ( puting and streaming ) from the 70 s onwards ( BERJ 2004, vol 30 ( 4 ) pp 516-533 ) . However over the last decennary there has been a revival of this type of grouping. Its reappearance is commented as being the agency which would assist aggrandisement criterions. Hallam, Ireson, and Davies ( 2004 ) recapitulated the grounds for which ability grouping fell in disfavor Low self-pride and societal disaffection of lower watercourse pupilsInc onclusive grounds for positive effects on attainmentA displacement of educational focal point towards equality of educational chance ( BERJ 2004, vol 30 ( 4 ) pp 516-533 )In my research survey, pupils sentiment on ability group has been sought. Hallam, Ireson and Davies ( 2004 ) admit that there has been few research on ability grouping ( streaming, puting and within category grouping ) where pupils voice out their positions. The research on ability grouping popularised the relationship between that type of grouping and academic, societal and personal results.The article from Hallam, Ireson and Davies ( 2004 ) cited old research which embraces scholar s position has drawn out the undermentioned accountsStreaming encourages both positive and negative attitudes towards school and higher winners are pro streaming compared to lower circulars. Puting among mathematics pupils reveal that more pupils would wish to travel sets or articulation categories where assorted ability instruction is being done.In primary schools, the pupils holding higher position in head would wish to be in higher ability grouping. However, most pupils would prefer to be given whole category work or single work. Streaming emphasized the negative effects towards lower watercourses. It is further acknowledged that if students of below norm are taught by instructors who are for streaming in a assorted ability environment, this has a negative impact on the pupil. This can take the signifier that those pupils do non hold any friends and are rejected by their equals.Assorted ability categories encourage societal coherence in the category.It is appropriate at this phase to reexamine the undermentioned statistics on ability grouping. George ( 1988 ) ( cited in Crosby & A Owens ( 1993 ) revealed that Educators and parents are in favor of tracking/ability grouping. 85 % of the research says that tracking is non good while 85 % of schools continue to pattern it. ( Solutions and Strategies,1995, ( 5 ) p.2 ) . Furthermore George ( 1998 ) and Slavin ( 1991a ) concluded that Ability Grouping research has non prompted any conclusive replies whether it be positive or negative ( Cited in Crosby and Owens, 1993 ) . This is what I intend to happen out with the research inquiry on significance of low accomplishing grouping with academic school accomplishment. I would wish to happen out whether it is consistent or in resistance with George and Slavin s decisions.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Supply and Demand and Economist View Prostitution

As we live in 21st century whoredom has been like an everyday good a market bear offer. Economist figure harlotry as performing a business activity. However, the problem is belt up around. The demand for whoredom is continually growing. What still surprises the people is that not only the homeless and starving people choose this path as a calling but in addition young generation do as well. In some countries on that point are underage children that have been kidnapped or have been wooly-minded and found by people and force them into prostitution.Parents concern is that why do their children have to grow up with opinion ab proscribed prostitution as a source of receiving money to survive in this world. It has turned out to be one of the most important trades in the world. Several poor countries are strained into prostitution or have no choice of another(prenominal)(prenominal) jobs turn to prostitution as a support during their economic difficulties. When a person thinks the y gaint have enough education and knowledge to get a job, he or she will think of prostitution, which is easier to join the labour force. People view prostitution as a simple way to make money.Although it does leave a negative look for the society but in fact it has been recognised as popular job for many people, which is in fact cannot be ignored by others. People usually believe that its mostly fair sex in the prostitution market but when in reality, men are the ones that are considered to be the more important part of the high demand. harlotry is when an somebody offers to have sex and get a wage for it. When they exchange money for knowledgeable service. Prostitution business revolves around performing sex by the arctic gender.Opportunity cost of woman choosing prostitution is marriage. In reality a woman cannot be a wife and a vilify at the same time. By choosing that as a career they are making a rational choice by deciding that prostitution is better off for them than other jobs and as well as forgone marriage life. Even though prostitution has been increasing in popularity at that place is a certain restriction that take aways to meet the societys moral. Prostitutes cant get any support from publicity and it has to be performed in a certain place.Now a days prostitution is considered more of a profession, just like a doctor, police office, and many others. When prostitution is considered as a profession this means they become a taxpayer like the rest of the professionals out there. Having a legal status for prostitution, the government has a benefit out this reason organism more income means more taxing paying which would go to the government at the end of the day. This makes us view prostitution as a business activity. When the service or task has been fatiguee you get hard currency in return, where it becomes systematic income.Even though prostitution does contribute income and high demand, but choosing prostitution as a career is irratio nal. According to Dr. John Lowman stated prostitution is considered as a potential source of renewing the budge of Canada. But there are also other reasons for not becoming a defame except the tax-pension side of the issue. Another problem is the risk that is associated with being in the prostitution business. They can spread venereal diseases because they dont do a proper medical checkup. This places the prostitution as a risk or danger occupation, and choosing a high-risk occupation is irrational.There has been a study stating that pimps take a big role in prostitution business. Pimps pay a higher rate to victimizes compared to a prostitute that doesnt have a pimp. It has also been noticed that if a prostitute has a pimp they would be getting paid more but would have less work at the same time. This is possible because of the most in-demand workers. These prostitutes roughly make four times compared to other work forces. Even though they get to see more money than other workers out there they still miss out some critical benefits others has that they dont get.That is the risk associated with this job, some common known risks are STD and there are many health issues that occur in this particular job. Some might get assaulted research has shown to be at least once a month a sex worker is assaulted on average. Which shows to be it isnt one of the safest ways to make money. Prostitutes also face issues from police office from being arrested. By legalizing prostitution, prostitutes would be forced to drop their price. Since its legal many people would want to join that market which means more competition.This doesnt give them another choice but to emiter their prices. One of the main tools for a market is competition. If the competition is lower in the market then there is a low opportunity of the client to choose others. If she doesnt give the client provide more for less money, he might find some other prostitute that will. Economists indicated that prostit ution is a monopolistic market with a wareward sloping demand curve. If they can sell one more unit of their good at the same price of the last one, which means they can optimize their price.Supply and demand plays a key role when it comes to prostitution because of the high volume of demand for sexual service and demand is what supplies woman pushes becomes the demand and men become the supply. Men buy by paying cash and women sell themselves for cash. Prostitution has an earning that is massive that they dont have to turn to any other additional financing for budgeting. The reason for prostitution increase and growth in a large exfoliation compared to previous years has to do with tourists that are seeking sexual services.As we know prostitution is that woman sell and men buy but economists stated that prostitution most likely will lose clients when mens income increases. Needs and wants for prostitutes are men and money, but they share a competition when it comes to men. Especi ally to hook up with men, theyre competing with the married mens wives in order for them to make an earning. One advantage that wives have that gives them a step higher then prostitute is the fact they can produce children, which can only come from the father.When mens income starts to increase they tend to have superior good by temper and they choose to buy the cheaper good. Logically to reduce prostitution, if womens income and opportunity are great you can see less prostitution in that particular place. If that doesnt work, increasing both men and women have an increase in income will have better results. Prostitution has been decreased in recent years. In completion in todays society prostitution is no shocker. It can be found roughly every corner of the street and mainly in major cities.Many people choose to go into prostitution of money problem to support them selves or family. This is one of the professions that make enormous money with little to none budgeting required an d doesnt need any additional financing help. The profit of prostitution is really benefitting to the government, since it has been legalized the income they make some percentage is paid tax to government. Prostitution has a market behind which means more cash flow, in return more tax payable to the government. There are some down side to being a prostitution that needs to be revealed.Even though prostitution is considered to be a business and also considered as a professional, there are some key elements that are missing. First being there is no medical coverage so if they affected with any disease and need treatment or any other medical related issues, they would have to pay out of their own pocket. Second being there is no kindly security even though you are paying tax. If the sex workers were given the opportunity to get some education or find a meet salary they would have never considered prostitution as a job. Reference Economics and prostitution Sample essay free Example of Argumentative essay. usance Essay Writing $9. 95/page Custom-Essays. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Europe, society. In medieval, England, and prostitutes were k. Papers Pro Legalization of Prostitution. Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Paper, and Book Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Giusta, Marina Della . Who is watching? The market for prostitution services. SpringerLink electronic journals, protocols and books.. N. p. , 6 Apr. 2007. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. . Economy and Prostitution. Anti Essays. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from the World Wide Web http//www. antiessays. com/free-essays/341579. html Page 2 Whos numbering Sexonomics Prostitutes Incomes ABC News. ABCNews. com Breaking News, Latest News & Top Video News ABC News. N. p. , 7 May 2006. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Clark-Flory, Tracy. The economics of prostitution Salon. com. Salon. com. N. p. 18 Jan. 2008. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Frondizi, Alexandre , and Simon porcher. Informal Urban Economy a Hist orical Approach of Paris Street-level Prostitution. Informal Urban Economy a Historical Approach of Paris Street-level Prostitution. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Clarke, D. A. Prostitution for Everyone feminism, globalisation, and the sex industry. Prostitution for Everyone feminism, globalisation, and the sex industry. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov.

Friday, May 24, 2019

History 201: World History 1400-1900 Essay

This course is concerned with the history of Modern Europe from the beginning of the eighteenth light speed to the present. However, it leave alone not be a survey of all the important events and personalities of the period. The central theme will be revolution. This stipulation refers to momentous events such as the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and World War I. We are also interested in revolutionary changes in thought such as occurred during the wisdom and earth shaking social and/or economic developments including the Industrial Revolution and the Pursuit of Empire.Reading ListAvailable at the BookstoreM. Perry et al, Western civilisation Ideas, Politics and Society from the 1400s, Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009From the Renaissance to the Present Sources of the Western Tradition, vol. 2, ed. M. Perry, J.R. Peden and T.H. Von Laue, Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Comp each, 5th edition, 2003.Grade Distri aloneionParticipation throughout t erm 10%Five quizzes during term 10%Mid-Term Examination February 17 25%Term Essay April 7 25%Final Examination Scheduled by Registrar 30%The exams and the term essay must be completed in order to receive a passing grade for this course. Assignments will be assessed letter grades. Please see the table in the Undergraduate Calendar (http//www.ucalgary.ca/pubs/calendar/current/f-2.html).ParticipationMuch of approximately every third mob will be devoted to group discussion. Our aim is to augment our ability to apply critical thinking to historical problems. Each discussion will name to topics examined in class and/or readings on blackboard. Written accounts of group sessions will be handed in and assessed by the instructor to determine your participation grade, but they will not be returned. Please ensure that your name is recorded on all group submissions.QuizzesFive multiple-choice quizzes will be taken on five separate days. Four will be used to determine your overall quiz ma rk. You will not find these difficult if you project class regularly and keep up with your readings. We will go over the correct answers in class. The quizzes will not be returned.Mid-Term and Final ExaminationsThe mid-term and final examinations will cover the material from the course lectures, discussions and readings. They will not be multiple choice.Term EssayThe term essay is to be approximately 1500 words in length (6 double-spaced pages). It will be based on quartette extracts totaling 8 10 pages in From the Renaissance to the Present Sources of the Western Tradition. The extracts may get from the same chapter or from throughout the volume but should have similar themes so that you can evaluate them together. You should use (and reference accordingly) at least four academic books and articles to place your documents into historical context.Do not use encyclopedias, internet resources, class lectures, textbooks, or non-academic sources. The essay must conform to The History Students Handbook (available on blackboard). The pre-writing process (Part I) will involve the development of a strong central thesis statement. The writing (Part II) will require an introduction, argument, body of evidence, and conclusion. piece of music style, submission format, and citations should follow Part IVof the Handbook. Use footnotes or endnotes as your method of citation (do not use parenthetical referencing).Classroom ConductYou are pass judgment to attend all scheduled classes.Please refrain from distracting activities such as reading newspapers, opening food packages, chatting with friends, checking email, and using the internet or electronic devices during class. In order to protect the privacy of others, students may not record in any format (for example, digital photographs, voice and/or video recording from any device, including cell phones) any activity that occurs within the classroom. Permission to record lectures will only be given to students who have doc umented disabilities.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Kite Runner Redmption

One of the main themes of the novel The Kite Runner Is buyback. Through come forth the novel, the main character, emir, seeks redemption for his sins. Amir states in the first chapter of the novel that he has a past of unatoned sins. Throughout the novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses the following symbols to express the theme of redemption The scar above Amirs lip, the honey and the blue kite. The scar above Amirs lip represents the redemption Amir attained by rescuing Sohrab.Amir travels to Afghanistan to rescue Sohrab, who is being exploited by a Taliban leader. The Taliban leader turns out to be an old enemy from Amirs childhood, Assef. Amir must fight Assef in order to leave with Sohrab. During the fight Amir is beaten brutally until Sohrab shoots Assef with his slingshot. Amir is left field with a scar above his right lip, strikingly similar to the one Hassan had after having surgery for his cleft lip. At the beginning of the novel, Amir watches Hassan get raped, f urther he did not intervene.The guilt from that day haunts him throughout the novel. At one point, Amir even tries to force Hassan to beat him up, as though the only function that could redeem Amir was being beaten, but Hassan does not and Amir is even more ridden with guilt. When Rakim Khan calls amir, he says, Come, This is a chance for you to be good again. It is choke Rakim Khan understood the guilt that Amir was feeling, and realized that Amir had been searching for redemption all his life. Khan new that rescuing Sohrab was the only way Amir could sincerely yours find redemption.The rescue of Sohrab, was the rescue of an innocent, the rescue of a lamb. Throughout the novel, a reoccurring image of a sacrificial lamb represents a path to redemption. Amir tells the contributor how during the Muslim holiday of Eid-Al-Ahda, the Mullah sacrifices a lamb. The look on the lambs face during the sacrifice stays with Amir for the appease of his life. When Amir witnesses Asseff rape Hassan, he remarks, I caught a glimpse of his face. Saw the resignation in it. It was a look I had seen before. It was the look of the lamb.Once more in the novel, Amir is reminded of the lamb, when he witnesses Asseff exploit Sohrab. The link between Hassan, Sohrab and the Lamb is their innocence Because Amir betrayed an innocent Hassan, he must save an innocent to be redeemed, Sohrab is this innocent lamb. By culture the exploitation of this figurative lamb, Amir attains redemption for his sin. Finally, returning with the blue kite was an avenue of redemption for Amir. Every winter, in Kabul, there was a large kite-fighting tourney.The tournament was a big deal to the people of Kabul. Amir and Hassan won the tournament, but in order to truly be victorious, Hassan had to retrieve the blue kite so Amir could bring it home as a trophy. During the kite tournament Amir states, All i saw was the blue kite. All i smelled was victory. Salvation. repurchase. Specifically, redemption in t he eyes of Baba. Amir had stated earlier in the novel how he thought Baba thought of him as weak, but this was Amirs chance to be beardown(prenominal) in the eyes of Baba, and end Amirs longing for Babas love.In conclusion, the rescue of Sohrab, the sacrificial lamb and the blue kite represent redemption for Amirs sins. Redemption is a main theme of the novel, and Khaled Hosseini uses the aforementioned symbols to tell the story of Amirs quest for redemption. Amirs quest makes one question whether sometimes the sinner, is also the victim. As a mere child, Amir betrayed his friend, out of fear, out of cowardice, and out of selfishness, but he did not know that decision would haunt him for the rest of his life. Did he really deserve the punishment befallen on him?

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Strategic Management Analysis of Saudi Aramco Ltd.

To Prof. Dr. M. Mahmodul Hasan. Course Instructor, Faculty of Business, AIUB. Re Sub charge of Term Paper on Saudi-Arabian Aramco. Dear Sir, It is a grand contentment for us that we have been capable to submit the report. Its been an enormous practice for us to bring about such a job and we took pleasure in the hale term paper making actions. We tried our degree best with our knowledge to make a full pledged report by analyzing on the whole the getable information. We hope that we have fulfilled all the requirements you have asked for. We would be delighted if you kindly accept the report and oblige us thereby.On behalf of the group Jeener Badshah With Best Regards, Plaban Roy. Id. none 11-94732-2. MBA Course strategical Management. Section A. Department of Business Administration. Contents of term-paper as follows 1. Acknowledgement Letter 2. Executive Summary 3. explanation of Strategy 4. Most strategic Management Model 5. Company Detailed Profile including mission & vision and Organogram 6. PESTEL, SWOT and Porters Five Forces epitome 7. SWAN Analysis & TWOS matrix 8. Value Chain Analysis 9. endorse Model & SMARTER Model 10. The BCG chart 11.PURE Objectives & GREAT Model 12. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 13. EFE ground substance 14. CPM Matrix 15. QSPM Analysis 16. Financial Analysis 17. Competitor Analysis 18. Breakeven Analysis 19. KSF Analysis (Industry Key Success Factors) 20. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 21. Recommendation 22. cobblers last 23. References 2. Executive summary Saudi Aramco (Arabic ?Aramko s-Sa? udiyyah), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a Saudi Arabian national oil and inherent bollix upoline attach to based in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.Saudi Aramcos value has been estimated at up to US$10 trillion in the Financial Times, making it the worlds most valuable company. Saudi Aramco has both the largest proven crude oil reserves, at much than 260 zillion barrels (4. 1? 1010m3), and large st daily oil production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco operates the worlds largest mavin hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is 7. 9 billion barrels (1. 26? 109m3), and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 279 trillion standard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves.Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the worlds largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, one of the worlds largest oil fields. Operations Saudi Aramco is headquartered in Dhahran and its operations span the globe which embroil exploration, producing, e fag outation, chemicals, distribution and marketing. Objective of the study 24. PESTEL, SWOT and Porters Five Forces Analysis 25. SWAN Analysis TWOS Matrix 26. Value Chain Analysis 27. ViSA Model SMARTER Model 28. The BCG chart 29. PURE Objectives GREAT Model 30. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 31.EFE Matrix 32. CPM Matrix 33. QSPM Analysis 34. Financial Analysis 35. Com petitor Analysis 36. Breakeven Analysis 37. KSF Analysis (Industry Key Success Factors) 38. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 39. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 3. Definition of strategy Strategy (Greek strategia, art of troop leader office of general, command, generalship) is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. Strategy becomes ever necessary when it is known or suspected there argon insufficient resources to achieve these goals.Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a persuasion of advantage over adversaries through the successive exploitation of known or emergent possibilities rather than committing to any specific fixed plan designed at the outset. Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as a pattern in a stream of decisions to contrast with a view of strategy as be after 2 while Max McKeown (2011) argues that strategy is about shaping the future and is the human attempt to get to desirab le ends with available means. neat Strategy + Good Strategy Execution = Good Management . Most strategic management model 1. PEST analysis 2. STEER Analysis 3. Five Forces Model 4. Strategic Group Map 5. SWOT analysis 6. Blue Ocean Strategies 7. Open innovation 8. seven S model 5. Company detailed profile including mission vision The worlds need for might is growing, but so too is our ability to meet that demand. Our teams have been discovering new and better ways of delivering crude oil energy since 1933. Find out more about our leadership, our history and the people who make us the worlds leading integrated petroleum enterprise.Who we are Not only is Saudi Aramco the state-owned oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we are also a fully integrated, world(prenominal) petroleum and chemicals enterpriseand a world leader in exploration, production, refining, distribution, shipping and marketing. We manage the worldslargest proven conventional crude oil and condensate reserve sof 259. 7 billion barrels. Our average daily crude production in 2011 was 9. 1 million barrels per day (bpd). We also have stewardship over theworlds fourth-largest natural gas reservesof 282. trillion standard cubic feet (scf). Saudi Aramcos downstream accomplishments include our rank as the8th largest refiner in the world, with a worldwide refining capacity of 4. 02 million barrels per day (including domestic refineries, and domestic and international joint and equity ventures). We are also theworlds top exporter of natural gas liquids(NGL). Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco and its subsidiaries have offices throughout the Kingdom. We also have offices in North America, Europe and Asia.Our subsidiaries and affiliates are located in Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, India, the Netherlands, the land of Korea, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. Our operations span the Kingdom, including its territorial waters in the Arabian G ulf and the Red Sea, with production and distribution linking all market areas around the world. Vision * Future of energy * Reliable supply * Contributing to the economy * Developing human potential * Sustainability * Wellness Powering possibilitiesAt Saudi Aramco were leading the drive to solve some of the issues that matter most to the global energy industry. We consider it our responsibility to the Kingdom and the world. Transforming for the Future By 2020, Saudi Aramco lead have evolved from being the leading oil and gas company that it is today, into afully integrated, truly global energy and chemicals enterprisewith extensive operations across the globe. What we aim to be tomorrow will facilitate adiversified and sustainable amplificationof the Kingdom of Saudi Arabias economy and enable a globally competitive and vibrant Saudi energy sector.Our vision for the future is best described through the companys 2020 Strategic Intent * fictile our business portfolio throughesta blishing an integrated value chain approachin our crude oil mix, further develop the Kingdoms unconventional gas resources and become a leading global chemicals and refining company. * Supporting the Kingdom in building a vibrant energy industry by promoting an energy efficient economy,developing alternative energy options, and building a technology portfolio. Delivering an agile, flexible, and efficient organizationto achieve operational excellence and world-class reliability and synthetic rubber performance through improved operational efficiency, agile decision-making and budgeting activities, insightful performance measurements, and business process improvement. * Building capacity, knowledge, and skills to improve our processes and systems of leadership selection and development, performance evaluation, innovation, and seek and development. We will take the lead in developing a knowledge-based economy in Saudi Arabia.In short, we aim to unlock the potential of our people and our enterprise to alter from a company of which the Kingdom is proud into a company of which the world is proud. 6. Five Forces Model The five forces model is a framework that analysts use to gauge the interior factors affecting competition and the external factors affecting bargaining power. This helps to understand the industry and what strategies are needed to gain a competitive advantage ambition Among Existing Firms (Low) 1. Threat of New Entrants 2. Threat of Substitute Products 3. Bargaining Power of Customers . Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Suppliers * High competition among suppliers * Volume is censorious to suppliers Bargaining Power of Customers * Product is important to customer * Large number of customers Intensity of Existing Rivalry * Government limits competition * Large industry size Threat of Substitutes * Substitute is lower quality * Substitute has lower performance * Limited number of substitutes Threat of New Competito rs * Strong distribution network require * High capital requirements * High learning curve Entry barriers are high SWOT analysis Strengths * Spending on alternative energy. * Investment in high profile project. impuissancees * Declining sales of refined products, resulting in lowering top line growth. * Declining replacement rates in recent years. Opportunities * Growing Asian-Pacific population and expansion of their economy will lead to greater demand for energy * Bio-fuels and alternative energy methods Threats * Prolonged global recession * International Union Strikes and other global political events (Environmental issues) SWAN Analysis StrengthThe brand image they have created sustaining over 80 years. Management who are highly skilled and to operate the company Weakness Declining profit over the years Unable to cope up with the existing competitors to become the leader in the industry Achievements Have major achievement in taking out the oil from deep of the desert Emer ged as one of the biggest supplier of Oil Next Step Achieving the global leadership Beating the fold competitors Developing the skill of the local employees. TOWS Matrix Factors Weight Rate Weighted Score Opportunities Better management of product lines 0. 18 3 0. 54 globalisation 0. 21 4 0. 84 Environmental concerns 0. 21 4 0. 84 Threats Fierce competition 0. 2 3 0. 6 War and terrorist attack carry on 0. 2 3 0. 6 Total 1. 00 3. 42 Strength The brand image 0. 22 3 0. 66 Skilled management 0. 13 2 0. 26 Enriched natural resources 0. 15 3 0. 45 Weaknesses Improper utilization of natural resources 0. 25 3 0. 75 Lack of local skilled labor 0. 08 2 0. 16 Local technological non advancement 0. 17 2 0. 34 Total 1. 00 2. 62

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

How to Win Friends and Influence People Essay

An Essay on Dale Carnegies How to Win Friends and Influence People Dale Carnegies book entitled How to Win Friends and Influence People explores various delegacys on how to communicate efficiently and professionally. Each chapter speaks about different scenarios encountered by the author as easy as helpful guidelines on how to handle them. In this book, Carnegie focuses on the signifi preemptce of having good communication skills. He applies ethics, skills, and behaviour as well as human relations to his ideas and principles.As a reader, I visit this book, highly beneficial in enhancing ones professionalism. It can likewise help readers learn how to cope up with the challenges in the corporate and clientele orbital cavity particularly the ones that involve human relations. I specifically want to emphasize on these 10 areas 1. Learn how to establish a good first impression. This is in all probability the most challenging part of entering any professional dramatic art. Earning the respect of others is not an easy task. However, it is not impossible to lay down people like you either.Applying able knowledge in the field, understanding the market, willingness to explore various areas, creativity and resourcefulness all contribute to a good first impression. 2. Find a way to make people interested. One of the reasons behind the success of around businessmen and other professionals is that they know how to get the attention of others. This is a critical aspect for both businessman because it is necessary to make a mark in the field in order to be known. For instance, it is not enough for me to have a business going.I should know how to get the attention of my target customers and to keep them interested. In a business environment, it is not enough for me to have exceptional or extraordinary ideas. I should learn how to communicate and implement them in an appropriate manner in order to generate interest from others. 3. Know how to handle criticisms. Hand ling criticisms can be very difficult. It can create a negative impact and can challenge ones confidence. However, lettered how to handle criticisms very well can contribute to self improvement and better performance.In business scenarios, customers tend to criticize the products and services they get from companies. Successful businessmen should learn how to lay claim criticisms and consider them as learning in order to create avenues for improvement. 4. Establish good relationship with employees. This book had made me realize that I can fail a more successful businessman by establishing harmonious relationship with the people who work for me without necessarily crossing the boundaries of professionalism.Saying kind words and expressing mouthful can work wonders in establishing loyalty and work enthusiasm among employees. . Conquer fears. To become a successful professional or businessman, willingness to take risks is important otherwise, it would be impossible to move forward. I, for instance, should learn how to challenge myself and my capabilities in order to achieve more. Knowing how to make calculated risks can determine opportunities in order to make a business grow. 6. Develop confidence. This principle by Carnegie challenged me to believe in the things that I am capable of. This can be initiated by taking a few brave steps in order to become better.Self confidence comes from believing that all things are possible if they would be explored and given the chance. 7. acknowledge own mistakes. It is not easy to admit being wrong. However, finding lessons in my mistakes and allowing my self to learn from others can work wonders in my career in the field of business. It is all about learning from mistakes and avoiding them in the future. 8. Explore other opportunities. Making a business work requires intensive market research, thorough understanding of trends and knowing exactly what customers need.There are many opportunities that can make a business g row and the best way to start is by developing a relationship with target customers. Knowing my customers and making their suggestions count can help me in finding feasible opportunities for my business. 9. Work on communication skills. Making the just choice of words can minimize conflicts and can lead to better resolution of problems.An ideal businessman always treats his people, clients and customers with respect by communicating professionally and by not uttering hurtful or inappropriate words. 0. Consider learning as an active process. Do not just read but kinda apply the principles. Constantly applying what I have learned from this book in every opportunity that arises will allow me to master the skills. These are just some of the areas wherein I can apply the principles and rules that Carnegie has stated in his book How to Win Friends and Influence People. Learning how to apply them in different business scenarios can hitch success in earning friends in the industry and in inspiring other people as well.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Policy Framework Development

IntroductionIn this essay, I will handle the welfare cite since World War II and how it has impacted society in England and Wales. In addition, I will discuss the importance of social policy, how it was developed and the four most frequently used approaches. The ideas behind these approaches will be explained and some examples of such(prenominal) policies in different fields will be leadd. Overall, evidence will be provided on how social policy became educational discipline in its own right.The origins of the National wellness valueOne of the most drastic social policies put into action in England and Wales has been the implementation of free checkup preaching for all, through the National health Service. According to Alcock (2008), illness was very common and wellness compassionate expensive before the National wellness Service (NHS) came into existence in 1948. Poor housing, overcrowding, poor sanitation, malnutrition and deficiency of education were common, enabling th e spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Life anticipation was considerably lower, at a mere 60 classs. During the 19th century, health sustenance was provided through the workhouse, or municipal and voluntary hospitals. The rich were oft treated in their own homes or in a private practice. A lady Alm unitaryr was liable for carrying out a means test, which determined who got medical treatment, she was as well as responsible for approaching charities for funding. (Alcock, 2008) The ideology behind the development of the NHS was to put an end to ignorance, squalor, disease and poverty, by ensuring health vexation was available to all. This included free treatments for all, a family benefit scheme and full employment. Although some byword it as a politically risky move, Prime Minister Churchill gave his full backing for the NHS in 1943, consequently starting signal the reform towards free health care. As Bochel reports During 1944, White Paper proposing a natio nal health service, and the election of a force organization in 1945 made the establishment of a NHS almost certain. The necessary statute law was passed in the 1946 National Health Service Act. (Bochel, 2009, p. 332).Finally, the NHS became a reality on July 5th 1948. It was an enormous exertion but due to the significant investment in epoch, money and resources, it was not met without opposition- this was a cartridge holder when thither were food and fuel shortages, as well as a dollar economic crisis. However, the general existence wanted the naked as a jaybird service to succeed, and as such Britain became the first country in Western atomic number 63 to offer free medical service, funded through the general taxation system. According to Bevan It was establish on three core principles which include it meets the ineluctably of everyone, to be free at the point of delivery and it to be based on clinical needs, not exponent to pay. (National Health Service History, 2012 ). These core principles have remained the same since the psychiatric hospital of the NHS (Bochel, 2009,p. 332).However, free health care as provided by the NHS proved to be very expensive, with the drug amount increasing from ?13 million to ?41 million within the first two years of its creation. Additionally, as medicine progressed as a science, new technologies and methods increased the cost of the NHS from ?200 million to ?300 million. The formulation of free health care for all led to excess demand, adding pressure to the already limited medical resources. The Government was reluctant to cover the excess cost, as it needed to invest in other sectors, such as education. As a result, charges for certain go, such as spectacles and dentures, as well as for prescriptions were implemented (Alcock2008).Neo-liberal ideology and the NHSIn 1979, when the NHS had been in place for several decades, a Neo Liberal Government was elected, with little sympathy for the state provision of we lfare and the high level of expenditure associated with it (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Neo-liberal ideology supports the shake-up of the financial and organizational aspects of health care services worldwide, based on the argument that the then-existing health systems had failed. According to the passport report in 1983, four major problems of health systems globally were i) misallocation of resources ii) inequity of accessing care iii) inefficiency and iv) exploding costs. It was claimed that government hospitals and clinics were often inefficient, suffering from highly centralised decision- devising, wide fluctuations in allocations, and poor motivation of workers (Alcock, 2008). Quality of care was also low, patient waiting generation were long and medical consultations were short, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment were common. Also, the public sector had suffered from hard shortages of medical drugs and equipment, and the purchasing of brand-name pharmaceuticals instead of generic drugs was one of the main reasons for wasting the money spent on health (Navarro, 2007). Private providers were more technically efficient and offer a service that was perceived to be of higher quality.Neo-liberal policiesExamples of policies implemented by the Neo-Liberal Government were those based on cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness was presented as the main tool for choosing among feasible health interventions for specific health problems. Disability-ad in force(p)ed life years (DALYs) were used to measure the burden of disease and thus allowing comparisons between specific health problems. Greater reliance on the private sector to deliver clinical services was encouraged, with the expectation that it would raise efficiency. It was suggested that Governments should privatise the healthcare services, by selling the public goods and services, buying the services from the private sector, and supporting the private sector with subsidies. In coif to increase efficien cy, unnecessary legal and administrative barriers faced by private doctors and pharmacies would need to be removed. Neoliberal policies in healthcare were heavily criticised as they reportedly misdiagnosed the problems and its treatment, leading to a situation worse than it was before the policies were implemented. Shrinking from welfare state to tokenish liberal state, retreating from most of the public services and letting the area to irrationality of market dynamics is making pharmaceutical, medical technology, insurance, and law companies the lead actors. It has been claimed that a system providing services according ability-to-pay rather than healthcare need, ensures reduced availability and accessibility to services (Danis et al., 2008 Janes et al., 2006 Unger et al, 2008). bran-new Labour and the NHSIn 1997, the New Labour Government was elected, with a main focus to make a significant improvement on peoples health. This was evaluate to be through with(p) by rebuilding the health services within the NHS through decentralizing of power and decision-making to local health trusts. Decentralising was important in order to achieve increased responsiveness to local health needs by widening patient choice, and promoting organizational efficiency. The underlying premise was that decentralization would shorten the bureaucratic graded structure and allow flexibility for local trust managers and health professionals- thus improving organizational movement from the bottom-up (Crinson, 2009 p 139). In 1997 the Government put forward its plans in the White Paper The New NHS Modern, Dependable (Blakemore 2003p 172). The objective was to reduce bureaucratic control from the centre and restore autonomy to health professionals within the NHS. At the same time, the Government was determined to limit public expenditure by face at what was already put in place by the previous government. One of the new Labour objectives was to reduce the number of people on the treatm ent waiting list by offering patients great choice of provider at the point of inpatient referral. This was put in place from January 2006 onwards, where patients have been offered a choice of at least four hospitals when referred for treatment by their general practitioner. In addition, a new inpatient booking system was put in place, where patients themselves could book their place and time of treatment (Adam, 2006). In 1998, health inequality targets were included in the public service agreements with local government and cross-department machinery was created to follow up a Programme of Actions, which had the general aim to reduce inequality in terms of life expectancy at birth, and to reduce the infant mortality rate by 10 per cent by 2010 (Glennerster, 2007 p 253). Examples of health care policies implemented by New Labour are Maximum waiting times for in-patient treatment six months by 2005 and three months by 2008 Patients able to see a primary care practitioner within twe nty-four hours and a GP within forty- eight hours Maximum waiting time of four-hours in emergency rooms Plans to improve cancer treatment and health inequalities. In addition, in order to improve efficiency, two bodies were set up to give advice and push for more consistent and effective clinical standards in determining the cost of new drugs and procedures. This was the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (Glennerster,2007 p 250). However, as argued by Peckham and colleagues (year?), the decentralization of the NHS had mixed results. They note that the process of decentralization was not clear and that there were contradictions, reflecting a simultaneous process of centralization and decentralization, in which local performance indicators were centrally-set. If achieved, this resulted in increased financial and managerial autonomy. However, there was some supportive evidence that decentralization had improved patients health outcome, as well as improved efficiency in coordination and communication processes (Crinson, 2009 p 140). The Government at the time met its target for treatment waiting lists by 2000- the number of people on the waiting list had fallen by 150,000. However, one main criticism came from the doctors, nurses and other health professionals where they were the ones dealing with prioritizing patients based on medical need, whilst having to explain to other anxious and angry patients why their treatment is delayed (Crinson, 2009). coalescency Government and the NHSIn 2010, the newly naturalized Coalition Government published the NHS White Paper Equity and Excellence Liberating the NHS policy, prepared by the Department of Health. This policy included important changes compared to those proposed by the previous Government, and reflected the aims of the Coalitions five year plan. Some of the proposed changes include i) responsibility for commissioning of NHS services shifted to GPs, as the Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities were dissolved, and ii) Foundation Trust status granted to all hospitals, ensuring increased autonomy and decision-making power. These reforms were part of the Coalitions broader goal to give more power to local communities and empower GPs. By way of estimation, it is expected that this cost to about 45% for the NHS management. Strengthening of the NHS Foundation Trusts in order for these Trusts to provide financial jurisprudence for all NHS services was another objective of the reform. An independent NHS board was set up, with the aim to lead and grapple specialised care and GP commissioning respectively. The objectives behind the Coalition Governments plans was to increase health expenditure in real terms for each year of Parliament, with full awareness that this would impact the spending in other areas. The Coalition Government cool it maintained Beverage idea that all health care should be free and available to everybody at the point of delivery, instead of base d on the ability to pay. It was expected that this approach would improve standards, support professional responsibility, deliver better value for money and as such create a healthier nation. Although the Prime Minister rectified it in his speech, the Government failed to provide a clear account of the shortcomings of the NHS and its challenges. The preparation of the White Paper, which was to pass the coalition committees examination, saw more compromises. The elimination of PCTs was not foretold but the conservatives would make PCTs remain as the statutory commissioning strength responsible for public health despite their commitment to devolving real budgets to GPs. It was rumoured that the Liberal Democrats policy of elected representatives to PCTs front weak. The compromise was to give greater responsibility for public health to local authorities and eliminate PCTs. This resulted in the formation of the GP commissioning consortia and the Health and Wellbeing Boards. Despite co ncerns raised by stakeholders, the proposals saw just a few changes. Maybe we can call it a missed chance in retrospect. terminusIn conclusion, it can be argued that without the NHS coming to force when it did at such a dire time after the Second World War, the already high mortality rates would have continued to rise. The NHS was springy in changing peoples lives in England and Wales and around the world. The system was designed meet everyone needs, regardless of financial abilities and without discrimination. legion(predicate) changes have taken place since the birth of the NHS in 1948. Four different Governments adapted the NHS with their policies and legislation. However, throughout its evolution, the NHS still provides healthcare free of charge, as was intended from its conception.ReferencesAlcock, (2008). societal Policy in Britain. 3rd ed.Basingstoke Palgrace Macmillan Alexion Pharma (2010). government and Policy Online www. email protected addressable From http//www.pnh -alliance.org.uk/politics-and-policy/the-department-of-health-publishes-equity-and-excellence-liberating-the-nhs. Accessed on 06 Nov. 12 Blakemore, K (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 2nd ed. United Kingdom break University Press. Blakemore, K, Griggs, E. (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 3nd ed.England Open University Press. Bochel, H., Bochel, C., Page, R., Sykes, R. (2009). Social Policy Themes, Issues and Debates. 2nd ed. England Pearson Education Limited. Crinson, I. (2009) Health Policy a critical perspective. capital of the United Kingdom Sage Publication Ltd. Glennerster, H. (2007). British Social Policy. 3rd ed. Oxford Blackwell Publishing. Danis, M.Z., Karatas, K., Sahin, M.C. (2008). Reflections of neoliberal policies on healthcare field and social work practices. World Applied Sciences Journal, 5(2), 224-235. Ezeonu, I. (2008). Crimes of globalization health care, HIV and the poverty of neoliberalism in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Social Inqui ry, 1(2), 113-134. Hospital Stories from Hell National Health Videos (1998) DVD capital of the United Kingdom product line 4. Recorded off air 19/03/1998 Macara, S. ( 1998). Nursing Studies. BBC News True to its principles Online. Available from NHS Choices. Moonie N. (2003). Health and Social Care. Series ed. Oxford Heine Educational Publisher. Navarro, V. (2007). Neoliberalism as a class ideology or, the political causes of the growth of inequalities. Int J Health Serv, 37(1), 47-62. NHS. ( 2012). Nursing Studies. About the NHS NHS core principles Online. Available from NHS Choices. Oliver, Adam. Further progress towards reducing waiting times. Health Policy Monitor, April 2006. Available at http//www.hpm.org/survey/uk/a7/1 . Accessed on 14 Nov. 12 Pennies from Bevan National Health Videos (1998) DVD London Chanel 4. Recorded off air 14/06/1998 Rivett, G (2012). Nursing Studies, National Health Service History. Online. Available from http//www. NHS history.net Accessed 06 March 2 012). Socialist Health (2010). Coalition Health Policy 2010 Online http//www.sochealth.co.uk. Available From http//www.sochealth.co.uk/campaigns/health-and-social-care-bill-2012/coalition-health-policy-2010/. Accessed on 06 Nov.12 Viveash, B, Senior, M. (1998). Health and Illness. London Macmillan Press.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Svrwvrev

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT TOPIC- ANTIMICROBIAL legal action OF disparate TYPES OF sweeten. PROJECT GUIDE- SUBMITTED BY- DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REG. NO. 10800037 ROLL NO- RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (8th sem. ) DATED- . 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATECertified that this bulge entitled anti microbial essential action of various types of dulcify submitted by MOHIT KUMAR , students of biotechnology Department, Lovely Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the set apart of Bachelors of Technology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of students own withdraw carried under my inadvertence & guidance. This report has not been submitted to any another(prenominal)(a) university or institution for the award of any degree.Date 17/5/2012 Name of Project Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, student of B. Tech biotechnology under Department of Biotechnology of Lovel y Professional Univerersity, Punjab, hereby decl ar that on the whole the information furnished in this dissertation / capstone project report is based on my own intensive investigate and is genuine. This dissertation / report does not, to the silk hat of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this niversity or any other university with bulge neat citation. Date 17/5/2012 Investigator- MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgement Any attempt at any aim cant be satisfactorily completed without the patronize and guidance of learned people in my capstone projectAntimicrobial operation of different types of lamb.I would like to express my immense gratitude to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his constant support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project. I likewise would like to thanks my group ingredient who helped me in my project. MOHIT KUMAR ABSTRACT lamb is a traditional headal treatmen t for infected wounds. It can be issuanceive on antibiotic drug-resistant strains of bacterium. some(prenominal) local brands of love life(Dabur) collected from different firsts is apply in this study. Also the lamb is collected from non-homogeneous apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up).The bacterial culture were taken from the laboratory of the Lovely professional University and was revived in alimentary stemma media and then sub-cultured in nutrient nutrient agar-agar media. The method acting used to test this antibiotic sensitivity of dulcorate was done with the help of Kirby Bauer method . Marked variations were observed in the bactericide drill of these making love archetypes. Bacterial species used were vitamin B complex subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The regulate of inhibition produced against different bacteria employ love of different assiduousness be as follows E. oli (pathankot judge) ascorbic acid% = 2. 6cm, 75% = 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm E. coli (dabur take in) cytosine% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm E. coli (saharanpur exemplification) carbon% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm B. subtilis (pathankot) degree Celsius% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm B. subtilis (dabur) one hundred% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm B. subtilis (saharanpur)100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm Burkholderia spp. (pathankot) 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm Burkholderia spp. dabur) 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm Burkholderia spp. (saharanpur)100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm S. aureus (pathankot)100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm S. aureus (dabur)100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm S. aureus (saharanpur) 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm regularizes of inhibition of di fferent treatment groups were measured by agar- come up- diffusion assay and compargond with temper. The comparison of beloved sample with distilled water control had proved it significant.CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1. 1) Honey as bactericide agent 7 1. OBJECTIVE 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF dearest 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF HONEY 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION Honey is a sweet food move in by bees using ambrosia from flowers. The Honey is a sweet, viscous fluid produced by bees from the collection of nectar, primarily from flowers. It is considered to be a natural syrup. The Nectar is gathered by the bees and is slowly transformed into passion, through a long rocess involving the addition of enzymes and the in small stages reduction of moisture. Honey is a rich source of carbohydrates mainly Fructose and Glucose. The chemical composition of sexual love varies depen ding on the plant source, season and production methods. Therefore the Colour, Concentration and Compounds vary depending on the floral sources. other(a) compounds which can be base in Honey include Proteins and venereal diseases such as Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, in any end cognise as 2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants such as Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD.Yates et. al. 1996). Honey has a low pH and a low moisture content, which is usually on average about 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in sweeten is produced when bees secrete Glucose Oxidase, while processing the nectar, this give honey a low pH. There are many varieties of honey from around the world which come in three main types which are liquid, whipped and comb. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) .Each of these honeys were chosen because they are organic and readily avail sufficient in health food stores 1. 1) The antibacterial drug Effects of Honey The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in special(a) Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobic personal dumbfound (Barret J. , et. al, 2005 Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004 Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of bacteriacide Properties Honey has many natural properties which enable it to inhibit bacteria.These properties include, a low pH which is in the commit of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, approximately 3. 9 which is payable to its content of acidic compounds mainly Gluconic acid as stated above. A low pH is repressive to most bacteria. Since most bacteria live in environments around pH 7, the pH of honey could inhibit the bacteria (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is because pH affects the elan large proteins such as enzymes work. Which causes the s hape of enzymes to change, which then alters the overall charge, this causes the protein to denature.Honey contains small amounts of Hydrogen gibe heat peroxide (H202) this varies depending on the honey, it is produced as a will of the enzyme glucose oxidase military action in producing Gluconic acid (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction) When honey is used topically (as, for example, a wound dressing), henry peroxide is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids. As a result, hydrogen peroxide is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidising agent (Free Radical) which has the ability to injure cells.In an aqueous solution hydrogen peroxide acts like an acid and can oxidise a mixed bag of compounds, by accepting free unpaired electrons. This allows the formation of other free radicals, which then causes a exhibitioner effect. Therefore altering biological structures and thence damaging cells. Honey is primarily a saturated sort of two monosaccharide, with a low water bodily process most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and few bear available for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for their growth.If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water natural process, and therefore no longer possesses this healthful property. Honey consists of various constituents such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, amino acid, energy and minerals. anyhow the major ones, there must excessively be several minor constituents in honey, which may be playing a key role in determining the antimicrobial behaviour of honey. In the past, antimicrobial activity of honey had been reported entirely by using aqueous solution of honey.It is said that honey possesses antibacterial property but it is not clear whether it is the bulk honey or some element of it. The antibacterial properties of honey speed up the growth of spic-and-span ti ssue to heal the wound. The bactericidal effect of honey is reported to be dependent on concentration of honey used and the nature of the bacteria Considering the fact that their might be some specific constituents which may be contributing to the antimicrobial behaviour, it was fixed to carryout the studies using different solvents.The present study therefore deals with the constituents in the different solvents followed by evaluation of move out for their antimicrobial behaviour against original species of bacteria. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above facts, the present study was delimitate with following objective 1) To check the antibacterial effect of different honeys on. a. positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive vitamin B subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 2) To check the effect of honey on bacterial strains using different-different dilutions. . 100% honey sample b. 75% honey sample c. 50% honey sample d. 25% h oney sample 3) To compare the effect of honey and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been used with medicinal purposes since ancient times and there are reports of its topic use by Ayurvedic medicine, dating back to 2500 b. c. Hippocrates prescribed the use of honey for several indications, including treatment of wounds and gastritis.Its better properties are mentioned in the Koran and in Bible. Honey is a part of traditional medicine for centuries. The antimicrobial activity of honey is due primarily to hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically. However, in undiluted honey the sourness is as fountainhead as a significant antimicrobial factor. The pH, ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 5, is low enough to inhibit the development of pathogens, whose optimal pH range situates between 7. 2 and 7. 4. When applied to a ffected areas of tissue, acidity, osmotic effect and phytochemical factors decrease with dilution however, the activity of hydrogen peroxide increases from 2. to 50 times. On these values, peroxide acts as an antiseptic, without causing cell damage. The composition of sugars in honeys, from different floral origins, inhibits the development of various intestinal bacteria. All chemical and physical factors make the redress properties of honey unique fast decline of infections and healing of wounds, quick inflammation recovery, minimizing of wounds, stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as the development of epithelial and granular tissues. Honey to be used with topical medicinal purpose, certain requirements are needed, like being free f herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive elements and sterilized to prevent indirect infections. 3. 1) TYPES OF HONEY ON BASIS OF FLORAL SOURCE- Blended- Most commercially available honey is blended, meaning it is a mixture of two or mo re honeys differing in floral source, emblazon, flavor, density or geographic origin. Polyfloral Polyfloral honey, alike known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may vary from year to year, and the sweetness and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which bloomings are prevalent.Monofloral- Monofloral honey is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Different monofloral honeys have a distinctive flavor and color because of differences between their principal nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access to only one type of flower. Honeydew honey- Instead of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects. Honeydew honey is very dark cook in color, with a rich sugariness of stewed fruit or fig jam, and is not sweet like nectar honeys. . 2) COMPOSITION OF HONEY Carbohydrates Unsurprisi ngly, these comprise the major portion of honey about 82%. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharide laevulose (38. 2%) and glucose (31%) and disaccharides (9%) sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, maltulose, turanose and kojibiose. There are also some oligosaccharides present (4. 2%), including erlose, theanderose and panose, formed from neither breakdown of the higher saccharides present in nectar and honeydew. Proteins and Amino Acids.Honey contains a form of enzymes, including invertase, which converts sucrose to glucose and levulose amylase, which breaks starch down into smaller units glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconolactone, which in turn yields gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide catalase, which breaks down the peroxide formed by glucose oxidase to water and oxygen and acid phosphorylase, which removes inorganic phosphate from organic phosphates. Honey also contains eighteen free amino acids, of which the most abundant is proline. Vitamins, Minerals and AntioxidantsHoney contains trace amounts of the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium and manganese. The main group of antioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is unique to honey and bee propolis. Ascorbic acid, catalase and selenium are also antioxidants. Generally speaking, the darker the honey, the great its antioxidising properties. Other compoundsHoney also contains organic acids such as acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic and gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids. The main acid present is gluconic acid, formed in the breakdown of glucose by glucose oxidase. Honey also contains hydroxymethylfurfural, a natural product of the breakdown of simple sugars below pH 5. According to studies done by Patricia E. Lusby et al Twelve of the 13 ba cteria were inhibited by all honeys used in this study with only Serratia marcescens and the yeast Candida albicans not inhibited by the honeys.Little or no antibacterial activity was seen at honey concentrations 1%, with minimal inhibition at 5%. No honey was able to produce complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Although Medi honey and manuka had the overall best activity, the locally produced honeys had equivalent inhibitory activity for some, but not all, bacteria. He then postulated that honeys other than those commercially available as antibacterial honeys can have equivalent antibacterial activity. These newly identified antibacterial honeys may prove to be a valuable source of future therapeutic honeys. According to Peter C.Molan (2001), honey may be the natural cure for most bacterial infections that could replace man-made antibiotics. inquiryers say that an enzyme in the honey turns into a tinyamount hydrogen peroxide when combined with bodily fluids killing nearby bact eria. Honey also causes an increase in lymphocyte andphagocyte activity (Cooper et al. , 2011). The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005 Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004 Mundo, MA. 2004).In this study the antibacterial activity of the five honeys were compared, the Manuka honey was used as a positive control. The nonperoxide antibiotic activity is due to methylglyoxal (MGO) and an unidentified synergistic component. Most honeys contain very low levels of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The front end of the synergist in manuka honey more than doubles MGO antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activity of raw and commercially available honey was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerug inosa, Shigella spp. nd Salmonella spp. ). Both types of honey showed antibacterial activity against test organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8. 13 to 30. 85 mm, while E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. showed sensibility towards both types of Honey. Both types of honey showed no effects on Salmonella spp. The laterality of honey at 100%concentration was found to be higher than all other concentrations tested. However, no effect was observed at concentration of 6. 25% v/v honey in the case of both samples(Patricia E. Lusby 2004).To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employs the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. Streptococcus pyogenes,Bacillus genus Cereus and Baci llus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains gum olibanum emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research (C.Voidarou 2010). natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drugs because of the ready availability of chemical diversity (Cos et al. , 2006). Honey and lemon-honey are traditional remedies in the Middle due east and China and for many centuries and have been used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold and various upper respiratory tract infections (Molan, 1992 Zulma Lulat, 1989). antibacterial drug activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. oncluded that the sandal timberland from different sources and mixture of of and -santanols were highly effective against gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia e and as well as yeast Candida albicans. The present work gives strong enjoin of antibacterial activities of honey, sandal oil and black genus Capsicum (Sheikh Ahmad 2002). In general, all types of honey have high sugar content as well as low water content and acidity, which prevent microbial growth.Osmotic effect, effect of pH and hydrogen peroxide are represented as an inhibition factor in honey (Postmes et al. , 1993). Most types of honey generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted because of the activation of the enzyme glucose oxidase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Schepartz and Subers, 1964). Hydrogen peroxide is the major reader to the antimicrobial activity of honey,and the different concentrations of this compound indifferent honeys result in their variable antimicrobial effects (Molan, 1992).Moreover, non peroxide factors also play critical role. The content of non peroxide factors are related to the floral source and sometimes account for t he major part of the antibacterial activity in honey(Molan and Russell, 1988). Forty samples of different honey types (Acacia, Ziziphus , Brassica and Citrus) were collected from different areas of Pakistan and analyzed for moisture, pH, total acidity, ash, electrical conductivity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), sucrose, total sugars, invert sugar, protein, proline contents as well as macro and micro elements.The variation in composition of honey samples was observed due to different types of flora. Likewise, a significant level (P 0. 05) of ash, electric conductivity, sucrose, total sugar as well as macro and micro elements was also found in these honey types. Different formulations of honey has significantly inhibited growth of pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger when compared to control group, which is an evidence that honey is a therapeutic agent being used since ancient time throughout the world. Feng et. al. 1994) The disparity in the observed antibacterial activity can be due to several reasons. One calamity might be related to the differences in susceptibility of all(prenominal) species of microorganism to the antibacterial activity of honey used. Similar observations are reported by others (Nzeako and Hamdi 2000 Ceyhan and Ugur 2001 Taormina et al. 2001). As reported by others (Melissa et al. 2004) dilution of honey enhances hydrogen peroxide mediated antibacterial activity may explain some of the discrepancies of observed with the antibacterial activity of these honey.The presence of unstable hurlative agents and/or thermolabile antibacterial agent(s) could also be inactivated during the experimental procedure and thus may be considered as possible explanation of the observed insensitivity of some honey samples found in the approach study. 4. ) MATERIALS AND METHOD 4. 1) Materials Several local brands of honey and Dabur honey collected from different sources is used in th is study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from- Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). In the antibacterial study, several bacterial species known to be pathogenic to human such as E. oli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis was used. These strains were obtained from biotechnology lab. in accordance to habituated requirement. glaze over wares used- Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), Petri nursing homes, glass rod, test tubes spreader, glass beakers, Glass slides and cover slip, Plastic wares used- Beakers, Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), dropper, appendrof tubes (2ml), auto pipette tips (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l) Instruments used- Hot air oven, Autoclave machine, Laminar air flow hood, Incubator, Microwave ovenOther existent used- Sprit lamp, cork borer,test tube stand, auto pipette (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l), parafilm wax,,filter paper Chemicals used- nutritive agar, nutr ient caudex, Mueller Hinton agar, 70% Methanol, 100% methanol, ethyl alcohol ,sodium chloride. 4. 2) Methods Physicochemical study Appearance of different honeys was observed. pH is determined using conventional procedure like using ph scale. bactericide study Antibacterial study was carried out in steps. In the first step, an in vitro screening will be carried out using either disc diffusion or well diffusion method.Well diffusion was carried out using plate diffusion, which I preferred. Preparation of test materials Test materials will be prepared by diluting each honey at different dilutions, 25 ? l/100 ? l, 50 ? l/100 ? l, 75 ? l/100 ? l and one with no dilution. Moreover, net honey was also used as test material. All dilutions were carried out with double distilled and deionised sterilized water. 3. 2. 1) Source of bacterial strains The E. coli. , S. aureus, Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis were revived from the farm animal available in the various Biotechnology laboratories of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India.Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth- 100ml nutrient broth was prepared and ten test tubes were taken, autoclaved, and after this the Bacterial strains was inoculated in the nutrient broth in different test tubes and then incubated for 24 hours in incubator . Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on consentient media- For All Bacterial strains- 5. 6g of Nutrient agar was added to the 200ml of purified water. Then solution was heated and boiled for 1 turn to completely dissolve the powder. Then media was autoclaved.Then media(10-15 ml) was poured in Petri plates. Then Bacterial strains were added to media. Then Petri plate were kept in incubator for 18-48 hours at 37 degree C. Saline preparation Take . 58g of Nacl and dissolve it to 10ml of distled water and make saline before 15 min of spreading and take the colonies from the nutrient agar plates and mix the right way in the saline. Nutrien t agar medium for antimicrobial testing 7g of nutrient agar medium was added to the 250 ml of distilled water and heated for 1 minute to complete dissolve medium then autoclaved .After that pouring the petriplates and leave it 20 minute for solidify medium and make surface , after solidify cat the different Honeys in the wells and kept it to incubate for 18-48 hours at 37C. Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method The bacterial strains were inoculated into 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth, and incubated at 37 C for 18 h. Each culture was then spreaded on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plate and also pour-plated in nutrient agar media to perform the test in triplet, one with the control and the other two ith the test sample. Making the wells With the help of a cork borer make wells in the agar carefully without tearing the gel. In two agar plate of all four sets, four wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer. Then with the hep of mi cropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the wellIn the wells of two plates of each set, samples of following concentrations (1) 100% sterile Honey(2) 75% sterile Honey(3) 50% sterile Honey and (4) 25% sterile Honey were added by using micropipette. Also in the a well water was added as negative control.Then with the help of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the well Replace the lid of the plate between putting sample into wells to minimize exposure to air-borne contaminants. Cover the lid tightly with paraffin immortalise to avoid contamination. Incubation of the plates . A temperature range of 35C 2C is required for 24-48 hours. Do not incubate plates in carbon dioxideas this will decrease the pH of the agar and result in errors due to incorrect pH of the media. Measuring zone of inhibition 1.Following incubation, measure the zone sizesto the nearby millimeterusing a ruler or caliper include the diameter of the well in the measurement . 2. All mea surements were made with the unaided eye while viewing the back of the petri dish. Hold the plate a few inches above a black, nonreflecting surface illuminated with reflected light . 3. Record the zone size on the recording sheet. shapeure1 Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method 4. )RESULTS Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth- Figure2 Culture E. coli. , S. ureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis in Nutrient broth media. Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media- Fig. 3 E. coli subcultured on nutrient agar Fig. 4 B. Subtilis subcultured on nutrient agar Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method Fig 5 No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which E. coli is grown Fig 6 No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which Bacillus subtilis is grown ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST E. coliFIG. 7 ZONES OF proscription BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY(pathankot sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm FIG. 8 ZONES OF proscription BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (dabur sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm FIG. 9 ZONES OF proscription BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (saharanpur sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST B. subtilis FIG. 10 ZONES OF prohibition BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN B. subtilis (pathankot sample) 100% = 3. cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm FIG. 11 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (dabur sample) 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm FIG. 12 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (saharanpur)100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST Burkholderia cap acium FIG. 13 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in Burkholderia capacium (pathankot sample) 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm FIG. 4 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (dabur) 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 15 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (saharanpur)100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST S. Aureus FIG. 16 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (pathankot)100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 17 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (dabur)100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. cm FIG. 18 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN S. aureus (saharanpur) 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm Appearance Appearance of each of honey brand was examined and it was observed th at honey were brown to dark brown in color, whereas other honey were golden yellow in color. Dabur honey- golden saturation,transparent Pathankot sample golden colour with sufficient transparency Saharanpur sample dark yellow colour with zero transparency The transparency is due to processing of honey,while less transparent samples are unprocessed and taken directly from bee hive.Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of stifling by different concentration of Pathankot honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. coli. 0. 0 2. 6 1. 9 1. 7 1. 2 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 7 2. 5 S. aureus 0. 0 2. 1 1. 7 1. 4 1. 2 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 1 1. 9 1. 5 1. 4 Table2- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of dabur honey sample on different Bacterial strains.Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(st erile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. coli. 0. 0 2. 2 1. 6 1. 3 1. 1 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 2. 7 2. 5 2. 4 2. 2 S. aureus 0. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 2 1. 8 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 4 1. 7 1. 5 1. 2 Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Saharanpur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. oli. 0. 0 2. 8 2. 4 2. 3 1. 7 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 3. 2 2. 7 2. 3 1. 5 S. aureus 0. 0 2. 9 2. 5 2. 0 1. 6 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 5 1. 9 1. 7 1. 4 In the preliminary screening process was observed that some honey brands have more while some other have less antibacterial activity. Some honey showed antibacterial effect against E. Coli and some showed strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ,S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium. Clear zones of inhibition were produced by concentrated without dilution.Through the analysis of average values of the diameters of each honey, it is possible to vulgarize a possible pattern in which commercial honeys, such as DABUR honey, have a greater average diameter while the homemade honeys from different regions, have a lower average diameter even at less concentrations, but the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Saharanpur honey sample with was collected directly from the apiary without any processing and it showed clear and large inhibition zones for all bacterial strains which were used for this test.Though after the dilutions were made, the low concentrated samples of Saharanpur honey resulted in rather poor antimicrobial activity. The wells in which water was loaded shoed absolutely no antimicrobial activity which was used as negative control. The results also showed that lower concentration of honey made through dilution shows less antimicrobial activity than concentrated ones. Thus honey are definitely effective against the bacterial strains at all concentrations. 6) REFERENCES Bibi S, ibn Talal Hussein SZ, Malik RN (2008). Pollen analysis and heavy metals detection in honey samples from seven selected countries. Pak. J. Bot. 40(2) 507-516 * Cooper R. A. , Molan P. C. , Harding K. G. (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds, J. R. Soc. Med. 92, 283285. * Cooper R. How does honey heal wounds? In Munn P, Jones R,editors. Honey and Healing. UK International Bee Research Association 2001. * de Jong H. 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