African Proverbs essays

African Proverbs essays African proverbs are thought of much more than artistic sayings. They symbolize real life situations in just a few words that consummate great meaning. In cultures without literature, proverbs provide an array of values and knowledge. Proverbs often, also provide entertainment because they may consist of rhyme or clever allusions. African leaders have turned to proverbs for their wisdom, and to acquire support and respect from their people. Proverbs are unforgettable not only because they abrupt, but because they take a complicated life situation and sum it up into a few comprehensive words. African proverbs convey an amorphous truth or experience, usually about frailty and the way that people intermingle with one another. When you think of one woman trying to lift a car; that is just absurd, but when others pitch in and help then it works better. That is an example of an African Proverb. It symbolizes how one person cant accomplish an abstruse task without it he help of others: If one finger tries to pick up something from the ground, it cannot. Ashanti (Ghana) In life we are faced with many disputes and sometimes may need help. As the proverb says you cant pick something up without the help of others. This instills manners, togetherness, and the fact that you are willing to take or get help from others. For some people this is a big step. This distinction examines the impact of family. People tend to take others or things for granted. What are you to do if one day you get into an accident and you legs get amputated? Without the help the doctor, there is no medical way that you will make it through that obstacle in your life. Finally, the day comes when you are about to graduate from high school, about to go into the working world and continue to further your education; you need not to forget where you come from. This is one example of a proverb that examines this: A river does not flow so far that it f...

Who To Follow essays

Who To Follow essays In today's world society is filled with more violence, hate and crime. The confusion of what is right and wrong can be inflicted onto a child's set of morals. When a child has someone older to look up to he/she is able to take in and learn positive values from a responsible role model. The child can be properly informed on decisions they should make in there life. A good role model holds a high importance in a child's growing times so that they can learn the difference between good and bad and begin to practice a While growing up, a child may be around good people, but that do things that they shouldn't do. A child who has been raised by smokers may have a better chance of starting to smoke then one that has been always taught the harm of it. But with the exposure of a positive influence, there is still hope that the child can learn better, such that smoking is bad and that they won't start. He/she can learn through their mentor postive ideas giving them a higher self-esteem, confidence, and goals to work for when they are older. Also by beginning to lead a healthy lifestyle, they are more likely to set a good example for children later on in their life. Surviving in the home and learning a healthy family life style is more difficult now then before. In many homes both parents work and the time they have now to spend with their children is limited. Before when women used to stay at home, they were able to teach their children the cultural view's and religon that particular family followed. Children now don't learn manners that their grandparents may have learned and Ms. Manner, an author of an article in the paper, would be dissapointed in today's kids manners. If the role model happens to be a celebrity often the child wishes to ...

The Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Situation - Essay Example According to the constitution, the federal government cannot enter into treaties with an entity, unless it is fully sovereign. The US government between the years 1790 and 1870 has entered into 371 treaties that affirm their sovereignty that is now both inherent and constitutionally valid (Churchill, 1985, p. 31). Throughout history, there have been numerous instances, besides the occupation of their homeland, whereby the government has failed to safeguard the interest of the Native Americans. Furthermore, from an economic point of view, the territories under the Native American tribes are extremely well-endowed with minerals and energy resources. Hence, not only from an ethical viewpoint, the Native American population deserves to enjoy the status of a Nation from a legal and economic perspective as well. The Native population is further divided into three very distinct racial units. Hence essentially there is no all-encompassing term for the numerous racial divisions of the indigenous population of North America (Churchill, 1985, p. 30). Despite the fact that the American constitution has was composed in order to safe guard the interest of every group, but so far it has failed to do anything for the indigenous people or even control the crimes that take place within these tribes. Inherent sovereignty may be a barrier, but it further demonstrates one of the key flaws within the country’s legislative and judicial system that has been unable to reach a position of compromise with the Native American tribesmen and the Government. The situation of the indigenous population is the perfect embodiment of the concept of ‘Internal colonialism’; which is the glaring disparity in development between two regions within the same society. As pointed out and elaborated by Churchill, it is truly a shame that the system fails to protect the rights of the

Revenue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Revenue - Essay Example Income encompasses both revenue and gains.† (ec.europa.eu, p. 2) Revenue: â€Å"IAS 18 defines revenue as ‘the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants† (ACCA, 2013.) Gain: â€Å"An increase in the value of an asset or property. A gain arises if the selling or disposition price of the asset is higher than the original purchase or acquisition price† (Investopedia, n.d.) Normally the word ‘profit’ is used in business context in the place of gain. It is also very important that that revenue and the related expenses should be matched with the accounting period, and this is called matching principle. â€Å"When the selling price of a product includes an identifiable amount for subsequent servicing that amount is deferred and recognised as revenue over the pe riod during which the service is performed. The amount deferred is that which will cover the expected costs of the services, together with a reasonable profit on those services† (ACCA 2013). ... sale and repurchase should be dealt with together. Section 14 of IAS 18 stipulates the conditions for revenue recognition in respect of sale of goods. These following two conditions are relevant for discussion in respect of accounting of transaction related to Witney. (a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; (b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; Section 20 states â€Å"When the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can be estimated reliably, revenue associated with the transaction shall be recognised by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting period.† This principle is relevant for discussion in respect of support services to PC4U. Case Study Sale of electrical goods When sale has been accounted properly, the goods covered should no t be treated as stock; and the sale is not treated as stock by the company. Snowfall and delay in delivery cannot alter the position. Once the goods are despatched to the buyer, the seller has no control over the same. The following conditions u/s 18 are important in this respect (a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods and (b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold. Therefore, no adjustment is required on account of this transaction. Contract with Witney The total amount owing to Ibi Ryan from Witney is ?600,000 at 31st March. It is assumed that includes the sum

Budgeting System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Budgeting System - Essay Example By Budgetary process, an organization makes short term tactical planning or budgetary planning by preparing detailed , short term(usually 1 year) plans for the functions, activities and departments of the organization thus putting into action of the long term corporate plan. Budgets are created by adding monetary values to plans for departments, functions such as production, inspection, marketing, or financial and resource items such as capital expenditure, cash, materials etc. Annual process of budgeting should be seen as stages in the progressive fulfillment of the long-term plans of the organization. Thus the budgetary process steers the organization towards the long-term objectives defined in the corporate plans. (Lucey p.133) Budgetary process is a long-drawn but an essential one... First a Budgetary committee is entrusted with the task of developing and co-coordinating budgets. Committee members are usually from various functions of the organization. The committee will have bud geting officer who will be the accountant of the company. His duty will be to administer the budget and provide technical assistance and data during budget preparation. The budget planning precedes the budget period and it is a continuous and regular activity in case of budgets prepared on a rolling basis. Having see Having seen the overview of budgetary process, let us make an empirical study of how it is implemented in a chemical manufacturing company. The chemical company's current year's annual turnover will touch $1.5 billion. They cater to the market in different segments namely Food Industries, Pharmaceutical industries, and Exports. In addition to the usual 10% increase every year, each year will witness some more variances peculiar to the period. Again the amount of increase in sales forecast helps work out purchase budgets for different inputs according to categories. Most importantly, the sales figure forecast is the deciding or limiting factor for the budget process in this case assuming that the sales forecast is an achievable one in terms of production capacity. After deciding on the deciding or limiting factor for the budgetary process to start, the expenditure budgets are prepared for funds required to deploy additional labor, increased inputs for manufacture and consumables and a ll other recurring expenditures such as advertising, electricity, traveling and local conveyance, wages and salaries, professional charges, interest charges, and quality control charges and a master budget is prepared pooling all the information collected, known also as Projected Profit and loss and Balance Sheet. Since I happen to be working at the Chief Executive's Secretariat, I am proximate to preparation of the Master Budget. This enables me to have an overall view of the organization and insight into the preparation of the individual budgets from the functional departments. Master Budget also known as summary budget is a summary of all supporting budgets. Another summary budget is the Cash Budget which also comes under our division's purview because of its controlling effect. Cash budget is vital for the organization since it involves liquidity and cash flow management. A typical cash budget which is of rolling nature is prepared for periods such as week, month or quarter. It is a primary tool in

Ethiopia PESTEL Analysis

Ethiopia PESTEL Analysis Political Context For much of the twenty century, Ethiopia was ruled by highly centralized governments. The current ruling party EPRDF has governed Ethiopias since 1991 . Since taking power of the EPRDF has led an ambitious reform effort to initiate transition by more democratic system of governance and decentralize authority .It has involved devolving powers mandates first by regional Empires then to woredas, district authorities, kebeles authorise and/or village authoised. Although the formal ethiopians state structure has been transfornance from highly centralized system to federal increase decentralized one a no. of challenges remain .National elections in 2005 2010 , and the hugely uncontested local elections in April month of 2008 , illustrated the fragility of the democratics transition Dominance by EPRDF , weakened state by opposition .In May 2010 parliamentary elections resulted in a 99.6 percentage of huge victory for the ruling EPRDF this allies ,reducing the opposition from 174 to only two seats in the 547 lower. January 2009 Ethiopian Parliament passed legislation by regulate civil society organize.. While many CSOs had long argued for new coherent framework. the new law is restrictive in demarcating areas of operations for different types of CSOs (for example receiving more than 10 percent of funding from external sources from many activity areas ) .The government DAG , comprising multilateral donors bilateral donors , agreed that the implementation of the CSO law will be reviewed regularly through their joint High-Level Forum structures. Country Conventional long form : Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form : Ethiopia local long form: Ityopiya Federalizing Demokrasiyawi Republic local short form: Ityopiya former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa abbreviation: FDRE Government type Federal republic Capital Name: Addisababa geographic coordinates: 902N, 3842E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of we shin ton, DC during Time) Administrative divisions 9 ethnically based states ,( singular kilo) self governing administrations* , Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb , Oromia, Sumale Somali, Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch. Independence Oldest independent country in Africa one of the oldest by world at least 2,000 years ( may be traced it to the Aksumite Kingdom , which was coalesced in the first century B.C.) Constitution Ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995 Legal system Civil law system International law organization participation Has not submit by ICJ jurisdiction declarare, non-party state to the Ictus Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Executive branch Chief of state : President GIRMA Woldegiorgis ( since 8th October 2001) Head of government : P.M MELES Zenawi (since August 1995) Cabinet: State Council of ministers, ministers selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of Peoples Representatives. Elections: president elected by two department , chambers of Parliament for a six-year term (eligible for a second term) ; election last held on 9 October 2007 (next to be held in October 2013); prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections election results : GIRMA Woldegiorgis was elected president : percent of vote by the House of Peoples Representatives 79% Legislative branch Bicameral Parliament consists of House of Federation (or upper chamber responsible for interpreting the constitution and federal-regional issues) (108 seats; members chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the House of Peoples Representatives (or lower chamber responsible for passing legislation) (547 seats; members directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 23rd of May 2010 ( next to be held in 2015) election results: percent of vote NA; seats by party EPRDF 499, BGPDP 9, APDO 1, SPDP 24,ANDP 8, GPUDM 3, FORUM 1, HNL 1, independent 1 Judicial branch Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of Peoples Representatives; for other federal judges ,Prime minister submits to the House of Peoples Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrat Council) Political parties and leaders Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP [Mohammed KEDIR]; All Ethiopian Unity Organization or AEUO [Hailu SHAWEL]; Arena Tigray [GEBRU Asrat]; Argoba Peoples Democratic Organization or APDO [Abdulkader MOHAMMED]; Benishangul Gumuz Peoples Democratic Party or BGPDP [Mulualem BESSE]; Coalition for Unity and Democratic Party or CUDP [AYELE Chamois]; Ethiopian Democratic Party or EDP [MUSHE Semen]; Ethiopian Federal Democratic Forum or FORUM (a UDJ-led 6-party alliance established for the 2010 parliamentary elections) [Dr. Moa FRISSA]; Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi]; Gambella Peoples Unity Democratic Movement or GPUDM; Garage Peoples Democratic Front [GIRMA Boggle]; Harari National League or HNL [YASIN Hussein]; Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM; Oromo Peoples Congress or OPC [IMERERA Gudina]; Somali Democratic Alliance Forces or SODAF [BUH Hussein]; Somali Peoples Democratic Party or SPDP [Abdulfetah Shack ABDULAHI]; South Ethiopian Pe oples Democratic Union or SEPDU [TILAHUN Neodesha]; United Ethiopian Democratic Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]; Unity for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Dr. NEGASSO Gadara] Political pressure groups and leaders Ethiopian Peoples Patriotic Front or EPPF; Ogden National Liberation Front or ONLF; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsen] International organization participation ACP, Fad, G-24, AU, FAO, COMESA, Interpol,G-77, IFAD, IAEA, PCA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ICRM, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, UPU, IOC, WFTU, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, WHO, ITU, ITUC, UNISFA, MIGA, UNWTO, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, WCO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) Diplomatic representant in the US chief of mission: Ambassador GIRMA Birru chancery: 3506 International Drive Washington ,NW , DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 364-1200 FAX: [1] (202) 587-0195 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles consulate(s): New York Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador E. BOOTH Donald embassy: Entoto Street, Addis Ababa mailing address: P. O. Box no. 1014 , Addis Ababa ,Ethiopia. telephone: [251] 11-517-40-00 FAX: [251] 11-517-40-01 Flag description Three equal horizontal bands of green on top of flag , yellow, and red ,yellow pentagrams single yellow rays emanat from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; green represent hope the fertilize of the land, yellow , while red stands for sacrifice heroism in the defense of the land; the blue of the disk symbolize peaces pentagram represents the unity equality of the nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia. Note: Ethiopia is the oldest independented country in Africa, three main color of her flag ( adopted californias 1895) were often adopted other African countries upon independence that they became known as the Pan-African colors; the emblem in the center of the current flag has added in 1996. National anthem Name: Whedefit Gesgeshi Woud Enact Ethiopia ( March Forward ,Respected Mother Ethiopia) lyrics/music: DEREJE Maluku Mengesha/SOLOMON Lulu note: adopted 1992 Group All, APLAA, Sahel Region Africa, Africa President: Girma Woldegiorgis The presidency is a very large ceremonial post , and has been held since 2001 by Girmas Woldegiorgis, veteran parliamentarian and civil aviation official. Presidents serve 6 year terms and are elected by parliament . mister woldegiorgis had re-elected by 2007 . Prime minister: Hailemariam Desalegn After serving as dy. prime minister foreign minister to his veteran predecessor Males Zenawi year 2010, Hailemariam Desalegns was sworn prime minister in September 2012. Relative outsider in the ranks by the governing Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front , Mr. Hailemariam became acting prime minister on the dedte Mr. Meles in August but faced a backroom struggle to gain the approval of the Front leadership before assume by the most powerful post in the country. Mister Hailemariam was work in acadamic regional government while many EPRDF luminaries came to the fore through fighting against by communist government in the 1980. He benefited from a scheme Mr. Meles launched in 2009 he to bring technocrats into central government of state , earned a reputation as a loyal aide to the prime minister. Economic overview of Ethiopia Economic Overview Ethiopia, with a population of about 84 million (2012), is the second-most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa. One of the worlds oldest civilizations ,Ethiopia is also one of the worlds much poor countries .At USdollar 390 , Ethiopias per capita income is much lower than the Sub-Saharan African average of US$ 1,165 in FY 2010 , ranking it as the 6th poorest country in the world ( Atlas Method). After the major drought in 2002/03 that resulted in GDP contract , Ethiopia has been one of the fastest growing economies in African countries . Official statistics indicated that an average real GDP growth of 11 percent over the last six consecutive years . its robust growth performance and considerable development gains came under threat during 2008 and 2011 with the emergence of twin macroeconomic challenges of high inflation and a difficult balance of payments situation .Problem was exacerbated by the high fuel and food prices in the global market. Though Ethiopia made progress in tackling the 2008-2011 macroeconomic challenges . The recent surge of inflation depicts the countrys vulnerable macroeconomic condition .Annual end of period inflation which stood at 16.5 percent in February 2011 , more than twiced reaching 36 percent in February 2012 . Food inflation rate was increased from 13 percent to 47 percent while non food inflation , decreased moderately from 22 percent to 21 percent during the same period .It is unlikely that inflation will rapidly fall towards the GTP goals of single digits within 2012 .Monetary factors played a key role in driving the inflation rate in Ethiopian states .For instance, reserve money used by the National Bank as monetary policy anchor grew by 51 percent in February 2011 . It was very large due to the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves without any offsetting mechanism and increased borrowing by public enterprises for infrastructure investment which in effect contributed to the increase in money supply. In an effort by control inflation rising cost of living , Government has been take various measure including imposed tight cash controls on government expenditure, temporarily introducing price caps (which were subsequently lifted ) on selected goods increase the salary of civil servants by 35 to around 39 percent. In early January 2012, the National Bank of Ethiopia lowered reserve requirement after the banking sector faced severe liquidity problem . This also lowered the minimum reserve ratio of deposit from 15 percent to ten percent , at the same time the amount of liquid assets as a proportion of deposits was also reduced from 25 percent to twenty percent . This measure was not accompanied by the appropriate sterilization mechanism and contributed to a sharp increase in money supply from 32 percent in December 2011 to 35 percent at the end of January 2012. While Ethiopias economy is expected by continue grow at a healthy pace macro situation will remain under stress in the foreseeable future Ethiopias economy is based on agriculture which accounts for 85% of total employment and41% of GDP. Coffee remains a major export crop for Ethiopia .The agricultural sector suffers of poor cultivation practices frequent drought.But recents joint effort by the Government of Ethiopia donors have strengthed Ethiopia agricultural resilience , contributing for a reduction in the number of Ethiopians threatened with starvation . 5 year Growth and Transformation Plan that Ethiopia unveiled in October 2010 presents a government-led effort to achieve the ambitious development goals of Country .The banking, insurance, and micro-credit industries are restricted to domestic investors but Ethiopia has attracted significant foreign investment in commercial agriculture , textiles, leather and manufacturing products . Under Ethiopias constitution ,State owns all land and provides longterm leases to the tenants ; land use certificates are now being issued in some areas so that tenants have more rec ognizable rights to continued occupancy and hence make more concerted efforts to improve their leaseholds .While GDP growth has remained very high , per capita income of Ethiopia is among the lowest in the world. GDP (purchasing power parity) $94.76billion (2011est.) $88.13billion (2010est.) $81.6billion (2009est.) note: data are in 2011 US dollars GDP (official exchange rate) $30.5 billion (2011 EST.) GDP Real growth rate 7.5 %( 2011est.) 8 %( 2010est.) GDP per capita (PPP) $1,100(2011est.) $1,000(2010est.) Note: data are in 2011 US dollars GDP composition by sector Agriculture: 41% industry: 13% services: 46% (2011 EST.) Population below poverty line 29.2% (FY09/10 EST.) Labor force 37.9 million (2007) Labor force by occupation Agriculture: 85% indu1111stry: 5% services: 10% (2009 EST.) Unemployment rate NA% Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 Total: 24.9% male: 19.5% female: 29.4% (2006) Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 25.6% (2005) Distribution of family income- Gina index 30(2000) 40 (1995) Investment (gross fixed) 22.9% of GDP (2011 EST.) Budget Revenues: $5.355billion expenditures: $5.988 billion (2011 EST.) Taxes and other revenues 15.2% of GDP (2011 EST.) Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) -2% of GDP (2011 EST.) Public Debt 42.3%ofGDP(2011est.) 48.3%ofGDP(2010est.) Note: official data cover central government debit , including debt instruments issued/owned by government entities other than the treasury and treasury debit owned by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by sub national entities , as well as intergovernmental debt. debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions Inflation rate (consumer prices) 33.2 %( 2011est.) 8.1% (2010 EST.) Central bank discount rate NA% Commercial bank prime lending rate 15 %( 31December2011est.) 14.5% (31 December 2010 EST.) Stock of money $4.93billion (31December2008) $4.229 billion (31 December 2007) Agriculture products Cereals, sheep, pulses, fish coffee, oilseed, hides, cotton, sugarcane, cattle, potatoes, kyat, cut flowers,goats; Industries Food processing, textiles, chemicals, metals processing, beverages, leather,cement. Industrial production growth rate 9.5% (2010 EST.) Electricity production 3.715 billion KWh (2008 EST.) Electricity consumption 3.357 billion kWh (2008 est.) Oil production 0 bbl/day (2010 est.) Natural gas production 0 cup m (2009 est.) Exports $2.75 billion (2011 est.) $2 billion (2010 est.) Imports $8.25 billion (2011 est.) $8.46 billion (2010 est.) Exchange rates Birr (ETB) per US dollar 17.2 (2011 est.) 14.41 (2010 est.) 11.78 (2009) 9.57 (2008) 8.96 (2007) Fiscal year 8 July 7 July Socio culture overview of Ethiopia Religion Ethiopia is declared as a multi-religious country . Most of the Christians live in the highlands , as well as the Muslims mainly inhabit(live on) the lowlands .Adherents of traditional faiths are primarily concentrated in the southern regions. Ethiopian Orthodox 43.5%, Protestant 18.6% (which include Ethiopian Orthodox Tirades Church and the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yeses), Muslim 20.5%, traditional (2.6%)Catholic 10.3%, all others 0.6%.[1] Small Ethiopian Jewish community, although most have migrated to Israel. Languages There are 90 individual languages of Ethiopia according to Ethnologue , with the 1994 Ethiopian census indicating that some 77 tongues were spoken locally in Ethiopia .Many of these languages belong to the Afro-Asiatic family (Semitic and Cushitic). Osmotic languages are also spoken here,Additionally, Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by the nations Niloticethnic minorities. Amharic 32.7 % as a 1st Ethiopian language, Oromigna 31.6%, Tigrinya 6.1%, Somali 6.0%, Sidamo 3.5%, Guragigna 3.5%, other local languages; English (major foreign language taught in schools), Arabic. Amharic is the official national language . Amharic was also the language of primary school instruction , but was replaced in many areas by local languages such as Tigrinya and Oromifa . English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is taught in all secondary schools. Age structure 0-14 years: 46.3% (male 20,990,369 or female 21,067,961) 15-64 years: 51% (male 22,707,235 and female 23,682,385) 65 years and over: 2.7% (female 1,388,301 / male 1,037,488) (2011 EST.) Population growth rate 3.179% (2011 EST.) Birth rate 42.59 births/1,000 population (2011 est.) Death rate 10.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.) Net migration rate -0.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population Note: repatriation of Ethiopian refugees residing in Sudan is expected to continue for several years; some Somali, Sudanese and Eritrean refugees , who fled to Ethiopia from the famine or fighting in their own countries , continue to return to their homes . Urbanization Urban population: 17% of total population (2010) rate of urbanization: 3.8% annual rate of change (2010-15 EST.) Major cities population ADDIS ABABA (capital) 2.863 million (2009) Sex ratio At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2011 EST.) Infant mortality rate Total: 75.29 deaths/1,000 live births male: 86.03 deaths/1,000 live births female: 64.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 EST.) Life expectancy at birth Total population: 56.56 years male: 53.99 years female: 59.21 years (2011 EST.) Total fertility rate 5.97 children born/woman (2011 EST.) Major Infectious Diseases Degree of risk: high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoa diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever vector borne diseases: malaria respiratory disease : Meningococcal meningitis animal contact disease: rabies water contact disease : Schistosomiasis Nationality Noun: Ethiopian(s) adjective: Ethiopian Literacy Definition: age 15 or above can read and write total population: 42.7% male: 50.3% Maternal mortality rate 470 deaths/100,000 live births (2008) Age: 35.1% (2003 EST. Legal overview of Ethiopia WORKING CONDITIONS OF WOMEN Section 87. General. (1) Women shall not be discriminated against as regards payment and employment on the basis of their sex. (2) It is prohibited to employ women or female on types of work that may be listed by the Minister as particularly arduous or harmful to their health. (3) No pregnant women shall be assigned to eork in night between time limit 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. or be employed on overtime work. Section 88. Maternity leave. (1) An employer shall grant time off to a pregnant women worker without deducting her wages , for medical examination connected with her pregnancy, provided ,She is obliged to present a medical certificate of her examination WORKING CONDITIONS OF YOUNG WORKERS Section 89. General. (1) For the purpose of this Proclamation , young worker means a person who has attained the age of fourteen but is not over the age of 18 years. (2) It is prohibited to employ persons under fourteen years of age. (3) It is prohibited to employ young workers which are on account of its nature or due to the condition in which it is carried out, endanger the life or health of the young workers performing it. Section 90 . Limits of hours of work . Regular hours of work for young workers shall not exceed seven hours a day. Section 91. Night and overtime work : It is prohibited to employ young workers on: 1.night work between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.; 2.overtime work; or 3. weekly rest days; or 4.public holidays LABOUR COURTS Section 137. Establishment of labor divisions. (1) There shall be set up labor divisions, as may be necessary, at each regional first instance court , each regional court which hears appeals from regional first instance courts and at the Central High Court . (2) The Minister shall submit the no. of labor divisions to be established in accordance with subsection (1) of this section to be determined by the appropriate authority. Section 138. Labor division of the regional first instance court. (1) The labor division of the regional first instance court shall have jurisdiction to settle and determine the following and other similar individual labor disputes: (a)disciplinary measures including dismissal; (b) Claims related to the cancellation or termination of employment contracts; (c) Questions related to hours of work,leave remuneration and rest day; (d)questions about the issuance of certificate of employment; (e) Claims related to employment injury. (F) Unless provided for in this Proclamation , any petty and criminal offences under this Proclamation. CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT Division 1. Formation of contract Section 4. Elements of a contract . (1) A contract of employment shall be deemed formed where a person agrees indirectly or directly , to perform work for and under the authority of an employer for a definite or indefinite period or piece work in return for remuneration. Section 5. Form. Unless otherwise provided by law , Contract of employment shall not be subject to any special form. Section 6. A written contract of employment ,Subject to the provisions of the relevant law , a written contract of employment shall specify the following: (1) The name ,address and contact details of the employer; (2) The name, age, address and work card number. if any of the worker; (3) The agreement of the contracting parties made in accordance with section 4(3) of this Proclamation; and (4) The signature of the contracting parties. Section 7. Contract of employment not made in writing .(1) Contract of employment is not made in written form , they shall, within fifteen days from the conclusion of the contract , give the worker a signed and written statement containing the requirements specified under section 6 of this Proclamation Section 10. Contract for definite period or piece Duration of contract of employment Section 9. Contract for an indefinite period . Any employment contract shall be deemed to have been concluded for an indefinite period except for those provided for under section 10 hereunder. work. A contract of employment may be concluded for a definite period or for piece work in the case of: (1) The performance of specified piece work. (2) The replacement of a worker who is not temporarily present due to leave or sickness or other causes; (3) The work performance in the event of abnormal pressure of work; (4) The performance of urgent work to prevent damage or disaster to life or property , to repair breakdowns or defects in works, materials, plant or building of the undertaking. (5) Irregular work, It relates to a permanent part of the works of an employer but is performed at irregular intervals; (6)seasonal work which relates to the permanent part of the works of an employment but is performed only for a specified period of the year which is regularly repeated in the course of a number of years; (7) Occasional work It doesnt form part of the permanent activity of the employer but which is done intermittently. TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS Section 23. General. (1) A contract of employment shall only be terminated upon initiation by the employer or worker and in accordance with the provisions of the law or a collective agreement or by the agreement of the two parties. (2) The amalgamation or division/transfer of ownership of an undertaking shall not have the effect of terminating a contract of employment. Division 1. Termination of contract of employment by law or by agreement Section 24. Termination by law. A contract of employment shall terminate on the following grounds: (1) As on expiry of the period or on the completion of the work where the contract of employment is for a definite period or piece work; (2) Upon the death of the worker; (3) On the retirement of the worker in accordance with the relevant law; (4) When the undertaking ceases operation permanently or due to bankruptcy or for any other cause; (5) When the worker is not able to work due to partial or permanent incapacity. Section 25. Termination by agreement. (1) The parties have rights to terminate their contract of employment by agreement, provided however that waiver by the worker of any of his rights under the law shall have no legal effect. (2) Agreement termination shall be effective and bin. DETERMINATION OF WAGES Section 53. General. (1) Wages means the regular payment to which the worker is entitled in return for the performance of the work that he performs under a contract of employment. (2) For the purposes of the following payments shall not be considered as wages: (a) Overtime pay; (b) Amount received by way of transfer expenses , per diems , transport allowance, hardship allowances, and similar allowance payable to the worker on the occasion of travel or change of his residence; (c) Bonus; (D) Commission; (E) Other incentives paid for additional work results. (f) Service charge received by customers. Section 54. Conditions of payment for idle time ( 1) Unless otherwise provided for in this Proclamation or the relevant law , salaries shall be paid only for work done. (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1 )Section, a worker shall be entitled to his wage if he was ready to work but, because of interruptions in supply of tools and raw materials or for reasons not attributable to him was not able to work ding on the worker only where it is made in writing. 5.7 MODE AND EXECUTION OF PAYMENT Section 55. General. Wages shall be paid in cash , provided that where the worker and employer so agree, it may be paid in kind . Wages paid in kind may not exceed the market value in the area of the payment in kind and in no case may then exceed 30 per cent of the wages paid in cash. Section 56. Execution of payments : 1) Unless otherwise agreed, wages shall be paid at the place of work and on working day. (2) In case the payment mentioned in subsection (1) of this falls on Sunday or a public holiday, the day of payment shall fall on the preceding working day. Section 57. Payment in person. Unless otherwise provided by collective agreement or law, wages shall be paid directly to the worker or to a person delegated by him. Section 58. Time of payment. Wages shall be paid at such intervals as are provided for by law or collective agreement or work rules or contract of employment. Section 59. Deduction from wages,1) The employer shall not deduct from , attach/set off the wages of the worker except where it is provided otherwise by law or collective agreement or work rules or in accordance with a court order or a written agreement of the worker. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Section 92. Obligations of an employer( An employer shall take the necessary measures) to safeguard adequately the health and safety of the workers; he shall in particular: 1. Comply with the occupational health and safety requirements provided for in this Proclamation; 2.Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified concerning the hazards of their respective occupations and the precautions necessary to avoid accident and injury to health; ensure that directives are given and also assign safety officer; 3. Provide workers with personal protective equipment , materials and clothing and instruct them of their use; 4. Register employment accident and occupational diseases and notify the labor inspection of same; 5.arrange, according to the nature of the work , at his own expenses for the medical examination of newly recruited workers and for those workers engaged in hazardous work. 6. Ensure that the workplace and premises do not cause danger to the health and safety of the workers; 7.take appropriate pre-executions to ensure that all the processes of work s

The Good Enough Family :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites The families of the not too distant past were oriented along four axes. These axes were not mutually exclusive. Some overlapped, all of them enhanced each other. People got married because of social pressure and social norms (the Social Dyad), to form a more efficient or synergetic economic unit (the Economic Dyad), in pursuit of psychosexual fulfilment (the Psychosexual Dyad), to secure a long term companionship (the Companionship Dyad). Thus, we can talk about the following four axes: Social-Economic, Emotional, Utilitarian (Rational), Private-Familial. To illustrate how these axes were intertwined, let us consider the Emotional one. People got married because they felt very strongly about living alone. But they felt so also because of social pressures. Some of them subscribed to ideologies which promoted the family as a pillar of society, the basic cell of the national organism, a hothouse in which to breed children to empower the nation and so on. These ideologies of personal contributions to collectives had a strong emotional dimension and provided impetus to a host of behaviour patterns. The emotional investment in today's individualistic-capitalist ideologies is no smaller. Technological developments rendered past thinking obsolete and dysfunctional but did not quench Man's thirst for guidance and a worldview. Still, as technology evolved, it became more and more disruptive in so far as families were concerned. Increased mobility, a decentralization of information sources, the transfers of the traditional functions of the family to societal and private sector establishments, the increased incidence of interactions, safer sex with lesser consequences to those who engage in it – all assisted the disintegration of the traditional family. Consider the trends that affected women, for instance: 1. The emergence of common marital property and of laws for its equal distribution in case of divorce constituted a shift in legal philosophy in most societies. The result was a major (and on going) distribution of wealth and its transfer from men to women. Add to this the disparities in life expectancy between the two genders and the magnitude of the redistribution of economic resources becomes evident. Women are becoming richer at the expense of men because they live long enough to inherit them and because they get a share of the marital property when they divorce them. These "endowments" are larger than their quantifiable contribution to the formation of the wealth thus redistributed.

Chinese Communism DBQ Essay

Communism in China from 1925 to 1950 was a very interesting period in China, especially in terms of relationship between the Chinese Communist Party and Chinese peasants. Communism in China survived through the Japanese invasion and control of China during the Second World War. Based on evidence provided in the documents, the Chinese Communists and peasants both disliked and fought against landlords, the communists supported peasants in their fight against the Japanese, and made the lives of peasants over all better. One obvious relationship and similarity between peasants and communists is their hatred toward landlords. Direct evidence including instructions to local party officials (Doc 5) and a photo from Xinhua news agency (Doc 9) show the communists obvious bias to the peasants. The communists even created laws to overthrow the landlords, like the Agrarian Reform Law (Doc 8). The peasant’s hatred was so strong, in fact, that they violently threatened the landlords to get back all grievances (Doc 6). The communists were also confident and excited with the peasant movement that would overthrow landlords (Doc 1). The communists organized struggle meetings shown in a photo where peasants humiliated former landlords (Doc 9).

Capital Punishment and the Media Essay Example

Capital Punishment and the Media Essay Example Capital Punishment and the Media Essay Capital Punishment and the Media Essay Capital Punishment and the Media Xavier Mendez Professor Collica JUS110 September 12, 2011 Capital Punishment and the Media In today’s society, the capital punishment known as the death penalty has played a major role in the criminal justice system. It has brought important debates to the national attention in every aspect to whether end the lives of criminals. With the intense media coverage, it raised high standards on disputes on high profile cases such as serial killers. The attention given by the media towards capital punishment attracts the public own opinions. As a result, they’re views of the media and society allows them to form important issues of impact on the debate of the capital punishment The majority of executions draw a great deal of media interest. The medias approach towards the capital punishment has varied widely upon the criminal depending on the type of crime and method of execution. During the 1980s and 1990s, the cases were on top of the news headlines were serial killers such as Ted Bundy, John Gacy, Richard Ramirez, and Aileen Wuornos, (Goldman, 2002, p. 15). Those cases usually impacted the feelings and perspectives of the public opinion during the cases of the capital punishment. They have attracted pros and cons of capital punishment protesters on both sides of the issue in large numbers. However, these seem to have decreased down to just a few in most cases. History of Capital Punishment and the Media More than about three centuries ago, there was no media. Newspapers normally began to start in England around 1725 and were quite luxurious (Goldman 4). During that time period, only a few people could actually read. The public executions were very important to show that justice had been done and provide prevention to others. In most circumstances, executions used to take place in the large crowds in the community to arouse the public interest (Kudlac, 2007, p. 4). The purpose of executing the criminal was to remind people of the punishment. By the 1800s newspapers began to be popular and public execution was abolished in England, Scotland and Wales in 1868 (Goldman, 2002, p. 2). Most of the reporters were still allowed to witness a number of executions for some years afterwards which allowed them to publish their stories. Meanwhile, radio and later television news would be used to attract the public The role of capital punishment has played a significant role throughout the past. Most of the other times, the capital punishment wasn’t primarily evitable to the media and public, which was taken controlled by prisons only. Nearly all the executions taken place in early twentieth century were unnoticed. As of now in today’s society, the capital punishment has been a controversial topic in the criminal justice system. There have been more than 1,000 executions in 33 states since 1977 across the United States (Kudlac, 2007, p. ). This is what caused the raise of public view to start as the types of media covered of executions were attracting news headlines. Somewhat it came about the cases which questioned about the fairness of the capital punishment. Many of the death sentences had media attentions towards them in every aspect questioning equality. One of the reasons the media is so effective is mainly because of technology. The technology has made our society a part of the current worldwide revelation about problems not only of criminal justice but of social justice (Goldman, 2002, p. 64). Technology has placed us there with events around the world. It was technology that makes the media so consistent with their broadcasts which drives the information to the public. The Public View on Capital Punishment and the Media The transformation of the public view is important to understanding the capital punishment policy and its representation in the media. There was a forming relationship with the politicians, public, and penal experts who have emerged in which the politicians are more directives and penal experts are less dominant (Kudlac, 2007, p. 9). As you can see the political influences on public, it also sets the role on media. However, the criminal justice system is now more defenseless than ever to change the public frame of mind and political reaction as well. To be aware of the existing political and social circumstances of punishment, in regards to the capital punishment, it is necessary to look at both in relation to the media. With the attractions of the media, there are public opinion polls which provided the society’s attitudes about the death penalty. The resulting surveys show that the public support for the capital punishment had risen and fall greatly over the past years. During the 1970s, when the capital punishment began to make its executions, an increased fear of violence in crime, the public supported 60 percent favoring executions (Von Drehle, 2006, p. 83). However, the public support of capital punishment continued to rise in the next decade. According to the General Social Survey, the favor of capital punishment was nearly 80 percent in 1994 (Von Drehle, 2006, p. 83). The public opinion regarding the death penalty would follow a decrease support over the time. In 2006, the polls dropped to 55 percent, usually because of the questioning of fairness and equality in the cases indicating if the criminal is innocent or not (Von Drehle, 2006, p. 84). While seeing the result from above, the media has been the primary source for determining the public opinion to whether or not to support the capital punishment. The media coverage of serial killers anticipated many attentions in the American society. Serial killing grew from the 1977 onward, with intense reporting on several cases that attracted a huge public interest (Kudlac, 2007, p. 12). This helped shape the view of the rising dilemma. The serial killers fit into a harsh disciplinary ideal, as society demands their execution in which many cases have possibly supports the punishment. These cases also were touched to the increase of disciplinary attitudes toward crime that occurred between 1977 and 1994 as public opinion toward capital punishment became increasing favorable (Kudlac, 2007, p. 13). Certainly, serial killers were the only death row cases that became highly profiled by the media. In conclusion, the capital punishment and the media have played an important role in particular cases of the criminal justice system. With the intense media coverage, the public opinions and politician created debates which influenced the legislations of the capital punishment. In general, the mainstreaming of the media attracts the public’s perception to whether consider the news estimations. The majority of executions represented an immense deal of media attention. The medias success of the capital punishment developed which sensational cases which impacted the American society. It impacted the mood and view on the public opinion which attracted capital punishment protesters. It is well known that the media have the ability to attract a social issue in specific ways. As a result, the media had considerable impact on the publics thoughts and perceptions regarding the capital punishment issues. References Goldman, Raphael. (2002). Capital Punishment. Chih Lin, Ann editor. Washington, D. C: CQ Press. Kudlac, Christopher S. (2007). Public Executions: The Death Penalty and the Media. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Von Drehle, Dave. (2006). Among the Lowest of the Dead: The Culture of Capital Punishment. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

Volcano Research Project essays

Volcano Research Project essays Would you want to live within ten miles from a volcano? Not knowing when its going to erupt. I just called in the radio station and I was caller number ten. I got to choose one of three places to live, the options were next to Mount Kilauea, Mount Baker, or Mount Rainier. Before I gave them my answer I was going to research all the volcanoes, when I was done with all my research I found out that I want to live within ten miles of Mount Baker. Here is why I choose to live next to Mount Baker... All of the volcanoes have different kinds of blasts and flows. For example, MountKilauea has a non-explosive eruption, so that means the lava would run down the side, instead of it bursting out everywhere. The only problem is it can be very destructive and clear out anything in its path. Mount Rainier is also a non-explosive volcano, but can be just as destructive as an explosive volcano. Then theres Mount Baker, it is an explosive volcano, it will erupt and you wont be able to run from it like you could if it were a non-explosive volcano. There are all different times that a volcano might erupt, but no telling when. Mount Kilauea is the worlds most active volcano, so it can erupt any day or everyday. Mount Kilauea is around 300,000-600,000 years old and has been active ever since. Mount Rainier has not erupted in he past 2,200 years. Last July they found out that Mount Rainier is going to have the most detructive eruption ever in the United states. Mount Baker hasnt shown much activity since 1978. By 1978 Mount Baker somewhat has stopped showing activity. These three volcanoes also have history of seismic activity. Mount Kilauea had an eruption in 1983, and lava has covered 104 km, that is 7% of Kilaueas surface. When scientists stated mapping, they thought that a large part of Kilaueas surface was 5,000 -10,000 years old. Mount Kilauea is ma ...

Women in the Workplace Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in the Workplace - Article Example This report presents a detailed investigation and analysis of female employment in this firm through three different angles; the basic facts and figures regarding female workers, the causes behind their delayed promotions, and their leadership skills. All three aspects have been precisely described in this report in order for you to find an appropriate solution for the problem at hand, so that the matter is handled in a peaceful manner. I am always available to answer any queries you have regarding this subject. I look forward to your response to this concern, hoping that any further sexual discrimination among the employees is avoided and the existing spirit of teamwork among them remains unaffected. Since the last few weeks, the matter of female employment in the ABC Consultancy Firm has risen. Various employees are of the opinion that female workers are not being treated as well as they deserve, in the company. I have been receiving consistent complaints saying that women are deliberately being passed up for promotions, salary raises, and leadership positions in order to give way to men to occupy the managerial positions. Assuming that some research is vital before handing over the case to you, I took the liberty of conducting a poll study, through my staff, regarding views of various managers on female management in the firm. The survey was divided into three different categories: The first study was b... The second study was based upon the factors that restricted female executives to reach corporate managerial positions. A list of various causes was prepared for the poll, of which female executives agreed more to, than male executives. The third study was based upon views of female executives on the role of certain factors that increase the number of female managers. Most of them agreed that their management talent and unique ideas are two chief factors that increase the number of female managers. I recommend that the promotions program be immediately revised, and rectified if need be, as this is not proving to be a healthy event for the firm. ANALYSIS OF FEMALE EMPLOYMENT IN THE ABC CONSULTANCY FIRM During the last few weeks, quite a large number of employees at the ABC Consultancy Firm have been questioning the treatment of female workers regarding promotions. According to these employees, ABC Consultancy Firm, which holds the slogan of equity to all workers irrespective of their gender, prioritizes men over equally qualified women, for managerial positions. In order to avoid conflicts between the employees and the administration, and protect the company from bad reputation, it is absolutely necessary to investigate this matter at its grass-root level. An appropriate solution provided by the firm's administration, after a thorough examination of the state of female employment in the firm, hopefully should protect both, the workers and the firm. A study carried out by our staff, extracted views of all the current employees of the firm concerning the matter of female employment. This report presents this information in a precise statistical form and

How does Harold's article on The Sopranos either complicate or further Essay

How does Harold's article on The Sopranos either complicate or further the arguments put forth in Garrett's text about TV Anti-Heroes and what they represent in our society - Essay Example This argument has been furthered by â€Å"A Man Never Never Land†, this is because the article postulated that the heroes of today have colossal psychological flaw; this is because they have a self-serving lies. They are normally filled with self-pity, venality, sloth, and lust. They are regarded to be self-deceiving and morally blind. Additionally, they are deemed obnoxious, unfaithful, and brash. This is supplements the argument of Garrett which that â€Å"We live in Post-World War II era†. According to Tony Soprano, the issue of morality was white and black; it was compared to Nazis vs. us. The Nazis were rated as bad people. However, in the war of today, the wrangles and conflict are ambiguous, including using torture. â€Å"A moral Never Never Land: Identifying with Tony Soprano† argued that people now have to employ morally unacceptable mechanism of fighting terrorists and the moral ambiguity is engraved in the upcoming anti-hero. Harold further explains that to add to the heroes that were heavily flawed, there are pressure from the prison system, big business, bureaucracy, and the structure of power that is full of bribe in conforming to forces that are not good. Rather they have rebelled against themselves, even if using the trickery a nd dishonesty could be portrayed as heroic. â€Å"A moral Never Never Land: Identifying with Tony Soprano† further argues that there is confidence crisis in the democratic leaders and processes that created a surrounding of nihilistic, disaffected, and cynical hero. This turning point during the Morally Deformed Hero Regime, happened with â€Å"A moral Never Never Land: Identifying with Tony Soprano†, when millions of people loved him. The ruthless sociopath and businessperson became close that the moral boundaries blurred in the regime of the hyper-competitive Darwinism. In the docket, both Nazis and Us failed in effecting the change in