Collective memory and Public Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Collective memory and Public Discourse - Essay Example The foundation of Christian faith is based on the existence of Jesus Christ, the Son of God who was sent to save the world from sin by dying on the cross and rising from the dead after three days. Christ's resurrection gives assurance of a life after death and through faith with Jesus salvation is assured among his faithful followers. These concepts are supported by a known document called Scriptures, obtained from archeological explorations and other preserved documents, and other non-written accounts they refer to as traditions. Much of the information concerning Jesus, however, can be obtained from the New Testament, which is the second part of the Bible and covers the times after the death and believed resurrection of Jesus Christ. But varying interpretations of these writing and traditions led to new ideas and concepts as society evolved and created variations in the Christian faith the leads to creation of several branches. Today, the Christian faith has several subdivisions each one having created within an understanding and ideals based from Scriptures, from tradition, or both. In general the foundation of every group of Christians are based on strong faith which emanated from a concept or inspiration developed by a charismatic leadership and then later evolved into an organized society congregated by those who accepted the ideals presented. Christian organizations presently recorded include: The Amish, Baptist churches, Church of England, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Church of Scotland, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Methodist Church, Pentecostalism, Roman Catholic Church, and Seventh-day Adventists among others. Within these major denominations are a lot of variations that existed and spread throughout the world. The Roman Catholics The largest among the subdivisions of Christianity is the Roman Catholicism (BBC) who claimed to be the first of the Christian religions and from which other groups sprung off. Its history can be traced back to as far as 2000 years back. The church was based in Rome headed by the Pope who was claimed to be the successor of Peter who in turn was the first head of the Christian Church instituted by Jesus Christ himself. The doctrines of the Catholics are unique in the sense that it considers both the scriptures and the church own traditions. Issues of Protestantism Belief in traditions, among others such as the control of the Pope over the church, the increased devotion to Mary, Christmas, Easter, the Rosary, the Idols, and others are common point of divergence of other Christian denominations that believed the "scriptures alone" as the source of inspirations, guidelines, and rules in following God. Among these groups who questioned traditions are the contemporary evangelical churches that emerged in the early 17th century and onwards. Today, a public discourse is raging over the use of corruptible collective memory-based traditions as against a written document alone as the basis of faith and social practices in Christian organizations. Critics to the Catholic practice argued that traditions are not reliable social guidelines to followers of Christ for they do not qualify to be divinely inspired. They pushed the idea of "Sola Scriptura" or the scripture alone as the source of divine revelation.

A Case of Multiple Personality Essay Example for Free

A Case of Multiple Personality Essay Multiple Personality disorder, commonly known today as Dissacoiative identity disorder. Often consisting of two or more personalities within one person. It is not related in any way to Schizophrenia, where a person might experience hallucinations. The purpose of this review is to analyse the journal article, ‘ A Case of Multiple Personality’ written by Thigpen and Cleckley (1954). Also known for writing the book ‘The Three Faces of Eve’ in which later became a very successful film, both earned them, vast amounts of money. The article leads to a varied and interesting case study of ‘Eve White’ real name (Christine Sizemore ) who was diagnosed and treated by the author and psychologist ‘Thigpen,’ and who later identified her three personalities. Eve experienced emotional problems from quite an early age. She was physically punished when she misbehaved and witnessed childhood trauma’s. These included horrendous accidents that occurred before the age of three. One incident involved her mother badly cutting her arm. This was thought to be the trigger point of her illness, and the development of her personalities. Later in life she suffered personal frustrations and marital conflicts. She sort medical advice because she was experiencing headaches and at times suffered from amnesia. When diagnosed by Thigpen, Eve’s personalities would change under hypnosis from Eve White, a shy, withdrawn character, in contrast to Eve Black a relaxed and confident person with no inhibitions, and more erotic tendencies . later came the discovery of Jane who seem to hover around the two personalities. Jane seemed to appear when under hypnosis with Eve black, when apparently faced with a difficult question about Eve White. The Psychometric and projective testing, was a mixture of interviews, patient and family observation, hypnosis, EEG tests, memory tests, ink blot tests and intelligence tests. The procedure, showed some support for Thigpen’s case study, such as the EEG tracing, showed signs of one of her character’s ‘Eve black’ as between border line normal and slightly fast. This sometimes can indicate a psychopathic personality (Manter 1953) However her other two personalities tracings, appeared to be completely normal. The use of family members for circumstantial evidence and interviews, also helped supply reliable data to support the case study. However, some psychologists and psychiatrists have showed concerns that MPD might be diagnosed too often, and could be influenced by suggestion and expectation, to achieve a diagnosis. It was suggested that Thigpen might have had expectations of a third personality, and under suggestion ‘Jane’ was created. The question of the reliability of the hypnosis used on Eve could indeed be problematic if this was the case. Ross Norton and Wezney ( 1989 ) indicated that, some people readily make things up during hypnosis and have difficulties distinguishing between hypnotic confabulations and real names. Or taking another view, it could be a case of sheer manipulation, for example, Eve could of developed the personalities to seek attention from the therapist or held a fascination for him. However lets not assume that Thigpen,s diagnosis is wrong, Eve could have unconsciously, created these personalities to hide herself from the pain. The incidence of past childhood trauma in its extremity could itself cause a child to dissociate oneself from pain, she found to extreme to cope with . The creation of these different identities was surely some sort of escapism, that seems to be a self protecting natural occurrence. Thigpen was the person to correctly diagnose Eve, with Multiple personality disorder. However he did not cure her, and hardly asked nothing of Eve, for example, ‘if she thought she was cured. ’To Eve her distress was still apparent and she was still experiencing episodes of MPD. She went on to experience further personalities, a total of twenty two altogether. Over years of continued therapy, Eve eventually sort help with a Dr Tony Tsitos (1970). Tsitos, chose not to prompt Eve for her personalities under hypnosis. In contrast, Thigpen readily used hypnosis on Eve, Tsitos feared he use of suggestion might reinforce her different personalities. Each time a personality appeared, Tsitos ignored it and encouraged Eve to take responsibility for her personalities. It is said that this treatment eventually cured her. Another interesting case study of MPD, was a art student named ‘Sybil’ real name ( Shirley Mason) who experienced sixteen separate personalities. Sybi l it was alleged, had previously experienced, sadistic childhood ‘sexual abuse,’ by the hands of her mother. This had left her with extreme psychological scars. The case study also attracted a high degree of media coverage, in comparison with Eve’s case, the therapist and author also earned them huge amounts of money. In 1998 the case study of Sybil, was reinvestigated by a ’Robert Rieber’ who later listened to some of the tapes recorded in therapy with a Dr Milber, ( Freudian psychoanalyst ). Rieber thought that the psychoanalyst had, had some influence over Sybil and seemed to reinforce her personalities. Sybil also said, that she was encouraged to be one of her personalities, who was ‘Helen’ by the psychiatrist. Sybil said ‘she was not happy about this, has she was more happy being herself. ’(Sybil 1998). In comparison, could Thigpen have been looking for a case of MPD in Eve, and if so was she a prime example of it. For example, how reliable was the hypnosis and Eve’s memory ? can we at times over estimate how own thoughts, and if so could this have a effect on the data evidence, if so how reliable was it. Finally, looking at the study from a ethical point of view, was the case study reliable at all, when ‘Thigpen and Cleckly’ ask us to decide on the outcome of it ?. In conclusion, to critically analyse the role of Thigpen in the diagnosis of Eves ‘multi personality disorder,’ is to determine whether he unconsciously created MPD in Eve. And if so could this have influenced her in anyway, into believing she had the disorder. Eve indeed could have been exploited by the therapists, however, this remains to be seen. Certainly when Eve White was under an hypnotic trance, more personalities appeared. The fact that suggestion could have made an impact on the diagnosis of another personality within Eve. Thigpen hardly looked in to the causes of Eves disorder, in her past history. When Eve was under hypnosis, and prompted with a question, she found hard to deal with, another personality seemed to appear. In fact the clues could have been there all along, without hypnosis. The psychological pain she suffered from childhood, and Eve‘s apparent dissociation from the pain, was her coping mechanism that she had learned to adapt to, in some sort of bizarre way. She hid from the horrendous disturbances, and images from her childhood, like a child that would haunt her into adulthood.

Brainstorming :: essays research papers

Brainstorming Need a topic for an English assignment? Need a solution to a business problem? Brainstorming is a great way to find answers. Many problem solving or idea generating solutions may not be best managed by the first idea. It is best to consider many solutions. Brainstorming is a method of shared problem solving in which all members of a group spontaneously contribute ideas in a set amount of time. It involves three basic steps: identifying the issue, generating and listing ideas, and evaluating and picking a solution. The first and most important step in brainstorming is to identify the problem or idea to be explored. Those involved in the process need to be clear on the topic. The question or issue must be one about which all participants can speak to. To maximize contribution, parties involved in the process must feel free from insults or evaluations of their suggestions. The second step in the process is to generate and list ideas or options. Begin with a few moments of reflection as the ideas start to come to mind. Write down ideas as they come to mind regardless how impossible they may seem. Repetitive answers or â€Å"piggy-backing† ideas should be encouraged. A reasonable time frame should be established to meet goals or deadlines in a timely fashion. The third step in brainstorming is to evaluate and pick a solution. In reviewing the ideas generated ask some questions about the ideas and/or solutions to determine the importance of these. What does this idea or solution have in relation to the key topic idea? Why is this idea listed? How closely related is it to other ideas generated? Does this solution best fit the issue addressed? Solutions should be reviewed for its effectiveness. In the event the solution is not effective, one can refer back to the creative

Shakespeare’s Audience: Research Synthesis

The uneducated lower class audience was interested in the violence Shakespeare's plays consisted of. The Elizabethan era's culture was violent and cruel. For example, if an individual did not enjoy plays, they could witness a â€Å". public execution by hanging, beheading, or any number of gruesome ways. † (Wave ; Davis, 109). To keep his violent audience entertained and engaged in his plays, Shakespeare had to include an ample amount of violence throughout them. Sometimes, audience members would become fatigued.To really excite and give them a rush to awaken his audience members, he would spontaneously throw in ction scenes right after, or in the middle of a tragic, or comedic event. One example can be found in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Not too long after Romeo and Juliet are married, a fight occurs, and after Romeo heard Tybalt has killed his beloved friend, Mercutio, he tells Benvolio â€Å"†¦ La] fire-eyed fury be my conduct now!†¦. for Mercutio's soul! â €Å"(Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare). Romeo, who had remained calm throughout Tybalt and Mercutio's dispute, later kills Tybalt to avenge Mercutio.Directly after their marriage, a calm and Joyous scene, Shakespeare has an abrupt ction scene imputed to thrill his audience. Although the lower class enjoyed a good comedy, they also went to the theater to watch the newest foray into suicide, debauchery, and murder. Once again in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, he has a thought out plan that seems well, transform into a violent and disastrous one. After Juliet sees her lover has killed himself, she is left alone by Friar, while she is awaiting Friar, she becomes frightened by the watchman entering the tomb and says â€Å"O happy dagger!This is thy sheath; there rust and let me die. â€Å"(Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare). She was fearful of the watchman seeing she was still alive, and in turn committed suicide. Shakespeare mislead his audience through a bloody, twist ending, which was exac tly what they would have enjoyed watching. The lower class members of Shakespeare's audience enjoyed his anatomical humor. He wanted his audience members to have sterling Junctures while watching his plays, so he included an abundance of sexual innuendos.Shakespeare was at times too â€Å"bawdy, sometimes vulgar, many times pushing the bounds of good taste. † (Cork Milner). Shakespeare at some points was abrupt and too direct with ome of his Jokes, but audience members still enjoyed them. Shakespeare is known for his masterful way with words. Some say he was clever at playing around with them. One area where he used this talent is when he inserted sexual innuendos into and find that the clever wit of his sexual innuendo not only has comic significance, but is used to develop character, themes, and plot as well. â€Å"( transmedialshakespeare. ordpress. com). While using sexual innuendos to appeal to the lower class, Shakespeare was also using them to mold parts of his plays, which is why people often refer to him as one of the greatest play writes of all ime. He used every bit of his plays to his advantage, and through the use of sexual innuendos, he was able to mold parts his plays, while still entertaining his audience. Shakespeare knew how to give his audience members individually what they came for because â€Å"Shakespeare realized sexual Jokes, especially double entendres, put the twinkle in the performance,† Oohn Basil).He used his specialty of wordplay to conjure clever sexual innuendos and naughty puns throughout his plays. William Shakespeare's educated spectators were allured by his use of mythological allusions. Only the upper class was able to afford an education and were able to understand all of the â€Å"references from Greek & Roman mythology in his plays†¦ they are an identifier with ancient tales, and also tie in stories most of the populace was familiar with†(wcuenglish. net).Shakespeare's use of Theseus as the Du ke of Athens and Hippolyta as his queen immediately allows the educated audience to make a mythological connection in A Midsummer Night's Dream. As the audience identified one character from Greek mythology, they then naturally associated the other characters with this mythology if they were a member of the pper class and had an education. For example, two other characters, Oberon and Titania, could be compared with their mythological traits to be viewed similar to Zeus and Hera.His audience could make connections and know when that when Theseus says â€Å"Now, fair Hippolyta, our nuptial hour Draws on apace† (A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare) that the story was a mythological allusion of Theseus and could recognize his Amazonian queen Hippolyta, and understand the specific myth being drawn. Another example that the upper class would be able to point out would be Puck relating to Eros, the Greek god of sexual love and beauty. The love Juice that Puck places over characte rs' eyes to make them fall in love with the first thing they see after waking is equivalent to Eros' golden arrows, having the same effect.The audience could correlate these distinct characters due to their connection to Theseus. Shakespeare more directly compares the two characters when Oberon says â€Å"Flower of this purple dye†¦ Hit with Cupid's archery†¦ Sin in apple of his eye† (A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare). Lastly, Shakespeare appealed to the upper class through clever wordplay. Shakespeare was an ingenious man, an ample amount of these puns are in all of his plays and â€Å"Like most Elizabethans, Shakespeare loved puns†¦ the average per play was around eighty.Many of Shakespeare's original puns depended on words that were spelled different, but sounded alike† (Wave & Davis, 54). Shakespeare's brilliant word play could only be enjoyed by the upper class, because of their education; they were able to understand the multiple meanings of s ome of the words. Enjoying the genius and humor in Shakespeare's work of clever word play, was something the ower class was sadly not privileged with. One example of the clever word play Romeo that â€Å"tomorrow you shall find me a grave man. â€Å"(Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare).In this Shakespeare meant grave as Mercutio being serious, but here it also alludes to his imminent death, aimed towards his educated audience members who would be able to infer this. Shakespeare's clever word play required a trained ear to be able to fully understand all of what Shakespeare intended to get across. For instance when Mercutio says â€Å"Sure wit, follow me this Jest now till thou ast worn out thy pump, that, when the single sole of it is worn, the Jest may remain, after the wearing, solely singular. † (Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare).This one is a double pun. One meaning is that the sole of the shoe, the pump they are talking about, is single, which is to say, it has only one layer of leather. Shakespeare puns the sole of a shoe with â€Å"solely† trying to say only, exclusively and puns the word single with â€Å"singular† meaning one of a kind, unique and says that his Joke is exclusively unique, or solely singular. Shakespeare knew only the educated would be able to atch his double meaning wordplay and perhaps, he would also test them on how much they would receive from his word play.William Shakespeare tried captivating his audience while they watched his plays, but certain aspects included in they were specifically aimed for different classes. He used mythological allusions and clever word play for the upper and the violence and sexual innuendos were meant for lower uneducated class audience. Shakespeare was an ingenious play write and knew what his audience members were entertained by and he knew exactly how to appeal to their tastes of theatre.

Earth Structures

Lesson Goal: Recognize how bedrock responds to tectonic forces originating deep within Earth. 1. Compare and contrast stress and strain. In material science, strain is express by deformation caused through the action of stress on a physical body. It is calculated by a change in two body states; beginning and final states. The difference in two states expresses the (numerical) value of strain. Strain is equal to a change in size and shape of a physical body. Strain can be categorized in to two types; homogenous and non-homogenous.Homogenous strain is referred if the strain is equal the entire portion of the body while non-homogenous strain; the strain is equal to a portion of a body. Stress is equivalent to force per unit area. It is calculated by the intensity of internal forces performing within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. This results to externally applied and body forces. Stress is related to force while strain is related to deformation. In stress-associated propert ies, all materials have temperature dependent differences.Static fluids support the hydrostatic pressure; it will flow under shear stress. Moving viscous fluids supports the dynamic pressure (Samaniego â€Å"Stress, strain and fault patterns†). 2. Distinguish between joints and faults. What makes a fault active? In geology, joint is a fracture in a rock mass, which has no offset. It refers to non-lateral movement of one side relative to the other while a fault refers to a fracture in rock mass where one side slides laterally past to the other. The structure of a joint forms a solid and hard rock that stretches past its elastic modules.In any case, the rock fractures in a plane perpendicular to the extensional stress is paralled with compressive stress. Joints naturally exist when erosion removes overlying rocks. This reduces the compressive load and allowing the rock to expand laterally. In addition, cooling of hot rock masses and cooling joints forms joint (Joint 2007). Ther e are three major classifications of faults. These include normal, reverse and strike slip faults. The (tectonic) stresses due to plate motions were developed over time and breaks in the crust of the Earth. The rocks at uneven periods break up.This results to earthquakes. Normal faulting originated at the divergent boundaries while reverse faulting originated at convergent boundaries. Normal faulting is associated with crustal extension while reverse faulting is associated with crustal shortening. Lastly, strike-slip faulting originated at transformed boundaries (Reches â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis†). 3. Explain what each type of unconformity implies about the sequence of geologic events. Four types of unconformity include; disconformity, nonconformity, angular unconformity and paraconformity.Disconformity refers to an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks representing a period of erosion. Nonconformit y exists between sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. The sedimentary rock lies above and deposited on the pre-existing and eroded igneous rock. Unconformity refers to a break in the continuity of sedimentary rocks caused by erosion. Paraconformity appears when the beds above and below are parallel; no erosion-al surface is present. In any case, the unconformity results to a separation and/or deposition of two rock masses causing the sequence of geologic events (Unconformity 2007).Works Cited â€Å"Joint. † 2007. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. , Columbia University Press. 9 December 2007 < http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/sci/A0826522. html>. Reches, Z. â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis. † 31 March 2003. Technophysics. 9 December 2007 < http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V72-48894N0-2S&_user=10&_origUdi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_fmt=high&_coverDate=05%2F20%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_ac ct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ca2e0b329475a6f5a70a37b5eda89e86>.Samaniego, A. â€Å"Stress, strain and fault patterns. † 30 July 1999. Journal of Structural Geology. 9 December 2007 < http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=715c8aab57dd7baa2d89a90c55869bbd>. â€Å"Unconformity. † Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. 9 December 2007 http://www. answers. com/topic/unconformity? cat=technology.

Chinese Architecture essays

Chinese Architecture essays Architecture, by definition, is the art or science of planning and building structures. Those are the words used to describe architecture in a dictionary but architecture is so much more than a study of how a building is built. Architecture is a product of human activities, and it is also a mirror of human life. Buildings reflect many things life environment, both political and cultural, as well as habitual and geographical environments. This paper is about Chinese architecture; its history, the basic structural elements that make up a Chinese building and the spiritual side of all the grand Chinese buildings. Firstly, if one is to understand Chinese architecture then one must know something of Chinas history because the creation and development of a national architecture has its roots in the cultural background of the nation. The nation of China has been around for around 5000 years, which perhaps the longest history that any nation or culture can lay claim to. Chinas architecture was influenced by religion and myth, philosophy and politics, science and superstition, humanity and ritual. All of these elements were constantly confronting and complementing each other. Also, the arts of feng shui, cosmology, and geomancy played a great part in the structural aspects of many Chinese buildings. Chinas architecture is vastly different from most of the other types of architecture in the world. This is because China is very isolated from the western world. For many years, Chinas only contact with the western world came from its infamous Silk Road on which Chinese merchants carried their goods to be sold to the western world. Very rarely did the westerners come to China to sell their own goods either because of the distance or simply for the fact that the western world was not advance enough to get to China to sell their goods. So Chinese culture and architecture developed without western influenced and it became...

Steve Bannon Bio - Media and Political Careers

Steve Bannon Bio - Media and Political Careers Steve Bannon is an American political strategist and  the primary architect of Donald Trumps successful campaign for president in 2016. He is  a former executive  at the controversial  Breitbart News Network, which he once described as a  platform for the alt-right,  a loosely connected group of young, disaffected Republicans and white nationalists  who rose to prominence on Trumps coattails.   Bannon is one of the most polarizing figures in modern American politics and has been accused of allowing Breitbart and the Trump administration to bring racist and anti-Semitic views into the mainstream. Bannon essentially has established himself as the chief curator for the alt right. Under his stewardship, Breitbart has emerged as the leading source for the extreme views of a vocal minority who peddle bigotry and promote hate, states the Anti-Defamation League, which works to defend Jewish people and stop anti-Semitism. Breitbart, however, has dismissed the alt-right, calling it a fringe element and a bunch  of losers. â€Å"These guys are a collection of clowns,† he said in 2017. Bannon has described himself as a strong American nationalist. Executive at Breitbart News Bannon took over Breitbart News when its founder, Andrew Breitbart, died in 2012. He routinely promoted stories designed to alarm readers about illegal immigration and Shariah Law. â€Å"We’re the  platform for the alt-right,† Bannon told a reporter for Mother Jones in 2016. Bannon left Breitbart and worked for Trump for a year; he returned to Breitbart in August 2017 and served as the news networks executive chairman until January 2018. He resigned after igniting a firestorm with the Trump family by calling   Donald Trump Jr. â€Å"treasonous† and â€Å"unpatriotic† for meeting   with a Russian lawyer who claimed to have dirt on Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election campaign. Strategist in Donald Trumps 2016 Presidential Campaign Bannon was brought on as the chief executive officer of Trumps presidential campaign.in a major shakeup just months before the 2016 election. He left his job at Breitbart News but  was believed to have used website popular with alt-right as a way of inciting its extreme-right audience and rallying them behind the Trump campaign. â€Å"If you look at Stephen Bannon and what they’ve built at Breitbart, it’s win at all cost, and I really think that makes people on the left very afraid because they are willing to say and do things that others in the mainstream media wouldn’t do,† former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski said at the time. Top Adviser in Donald Trump White House Bannon is largely responsible for Trumps resistance to compromise on immigration issues such as the proposed wall along the United States border with Mexico. Bannon believed compromise would not help the president gain ground with detractors, and only soften his support among Trumps base. Bannon felt the only way Trump could expand his support among Americans was to hold onto his rigid ideological beliefs. Bannons chief policy concern was what he called the United States economic war with China and a belief that, as he put it, globalists gutted the American working class and created a middle class in Asia. Bannon, in perhaps the clearest statements on his anti-globalist crusade,  told The American Prospects Robert Kuttner: â€Å"We’re at economic war with China. It’s in all their literature. They’re not shy about saying what they’re doing. One of us is going to be a hegemon in 25 or 30 years and it’s gonna be them if we go down this path. On Korea, they’re just tapping us along. It’s just a sideshow. ... To me, the economic war with China is everything. And we have to be maniacally focused on that. If we continue to lose it, were five years away, I think, ten years at the most, of hitting an inflection  point from which well never be able to recover. ...  We’ve come to the conclusion that they’re in an economic war and they’re crushing us.† Bannon is also quoted as saying about his agenda: Like Andrew Jacksons populism, were going to build an entirely new political movement. Its everything related to jobs. The conservatives are going to go crazy. Im the guy pushing a trillion-dollar infrastructure plan. With negative interest rates throughout the world, its the greatest opportunity to rebuild everything. Ship yards, iron works, get them all jacked up. Were just going to throw it up against the wall and see if it sticks. It will be as exciting as the 1930s, greater than the Reagan revolution - conservatives, plus populists, in an economic nationalist movement. Bannon was forced out of the job in August 2017 following Trumps botched response to a white nationalist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, that turned violent, killing one counter protester. The president was widely criticized for his response, in which he claimed both sides were to blame for violence. Bannon had also made disparaging remarks about some members of the Trump White House to journalists, which hastened his exit. Bannons exit, however, also came amid reports that he had clashed with Jared Kushner, Trumps son-in-law and senior White House adviser, as well as other key members of the presidents leadership team. Banking Career Perhaps the least known aspect of Bannons career is the time he spent in banking. Bannon began his Wall Street career in 1985 in mergers and acquisitions with Goldman Sachs and was promoted to Vice President about three years later. Bannon told the Chicago Tribune in a March 2017 profile that his first three years at Goldman Sachs was to respond to a boom in hostile takeovers. Goldman Sachs took the side of companies under attack from corporate raiders and leveraged buyout firms. Bannon had to come up with strategies to protect companies from unwanted suitors. He broke with the mega-firm in 1990 to launch his own  investment bank,  Bannon Co., which invested primarily in movies and other intellectual property. Military Career Bannon served seven years in the U.S. Navy, enlisting in the Reserve in 1976 and leaving in 1983 as an officer. He served two deployments at sea and then served three years at the Pentagon working on Navy budgets. His fellow officers saw him as something of an investment  sensei, according  to a Washington Post profile of Bannons military service. Bannon was known to scour The Wall Street Journal for investments and often advised his fellow shipmates, the newspaper reported.   Filmmaker Bannon is listed as being the producer of 18 ideologically driven documentaries. They are: The Last 600 Meters, about the two biggest battles of the Iraq war, in Najaf and Fallujah   Torchbearer, about Duck Dynasty star  Phil RobertsonClinton Cash, an expose on the Clinton FoundationRickover: The Birth of Nuclear Power, a profile of  Admiral Hyman G. RickoverSweetwater, a drama about a blood triangle on the rugged plains of the New Mexico TerritoryDistrict of Corruption, about government secrecy in Washington, D.C.The Hope the ChangeThe Undefeated, a profile of Sarah PalinBattle for America, a political documentary about Constitutional conservativesFire from the Heartland, a documentary about women conservativesGeneration Zero, about the economic crisis of 2008The Steam Experiment, thriller about global warming and the mediaTradition Never Graduates: A Season Inside Notre Dame FootballBorder War: The Battle Over Illegal ImmigrationCochise County USA: Cries from the Border, a documentary about illegal immigrationIn the Face of Evil: Reagans War in Word and DeedTitus, a historical thriller The Indian Runner, a drama about a Vietnam veteran featuring Sean Penn Controversies One of the biggest controversies to erupt in the Trump presidency was his use of an executive order  in January 2017 to authorize Bannon  to serve on the National Security Councils principals committee. The committee is made up of the secretaries of the departments of State and Defense, the director of Central Intelligence, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chief of staff to the president and the national security adviser.   The appointment of Bannon, a political strategist, to a panel responsible for ensuring national security caught many Washington insiders by surprise. â€Å"The last place you want to put somebody who worries about politics is in a room where they’re talking about national security,† former Defense Secretary and CIA Director Leon E. Panetta told  The New York Times. Bannon was removed from the National Security Council in April 2017, less than three months later. The controversy that led to Bannon estrangement from the Trumps, though, was his accusation that Donald Trump Jrs meeting with a Russian lawyer was treasonous.   â€Å"The three senior guys in the campaign thought it was a good idea to meet with a foreign government inside Trump Tower in the conference room on the 25th floor – with no lawyers. They didn’t have any lawyers, Bannon is quoted as saying.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even if you thought that this was not treasonous, or unpatriotic, or bad [expletive], and I happen to think it’s all of that, you should have called the FBI immediately.† Bannon made the remarks to journalist  Michael Wolff, who published them in the 2018 blockbuster book  Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White  House. Breitbart was largely silent on Bannons departure; it issued a prepared statement from CEO  Larry Solov stating: â€Å"Steve is a valued part of our legacy, and we will always be grateful for his contributions, and what he has helped us to accomplish.† Bannon later apologized for his remarks about the president and his son. â€Å"Donald Trump, Jr. is both a patriot and a good man. He has been relentless in his advocacy for his father and the agenda that has helped turn our country around. My support is also unwavering for the president and his agenda - as I have shown daily in my national radio broadcasts, on the pages of Breitbart News and in speeches and appearances from Tokyo and Hong Kong to Arizona and Alabama,† Bannon said in January 2018. Education Heres a quick look at Bannons educational background. Class of 1972 at Benedictine High School, a Roman Catholic military school in Richmond, Virginia.Bachelors degree in urban affairs in 1976 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, where he was elected Student Government Association president in 1975.Masters degree  in national security studies from  Georgetown Universitys School of Foreign Service in 1983.Master degree in business administration from Harvard University in 1985. Personal Life Bannons full name is Stephan Kevin Bannon. He was born in 1953 in Richmond, Virginia. Bannon has married and divorced three times. He has three grown daughters. Quotes About Steve Bannon It is almost impossible not to hold an opinion on Bannons political views, his role in the Trump White House or even his appearance. Heres a look at what some prominent figures have said about Bannon.   On his appearance: Bannon was unlike most other strategists who worked in the top echelons of politics. He was known for his unkempt appearance, often showing up for work at the White House unshaven and wearing informal attire unlike his peers, who wore suits. Bannon gleefully threw off the strictures of the working stiff and adopted a singular personal style: rumpled oxfords layered over multiple polo shirts, ratty cargo shorts, and flip-flops - a sartorial middle finger to the whole wide world, wrote journalist Joshua Green in his 2017 book about Bannon, Devils Bargain. Trump political adviser  Roger Stone once said:  Steve needs to be introduced to soap and water.   On his agenda in the White House: Anthony Scaramucci, hired as Trumps communications director and fired a few days later, accused Bannon in a profanity-laden rant of trying to forward his own self-interests on the presidents coattails.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m not trying to build my own brand off the [expletive] strength of the president, Scaramucci said, suggesting Bannon was. On his work ethic:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A lot of intellectuals sit back and write columns and let other people do the work. Steve is a believer in doing both,† said David Bossie, president of the conservative group Citizens United. On his character: â€Å"He is a vindictive, nasty figure, infamous for verbally abusing supposed friends and threatening enemies. He will attempt to ruin anyone who impedes his unending ambition, and he will use anyone bigger than he is – for example, Donald Trump – to get where he wants to go,† said Ben Shapiro, a former editor at Breitbart. Controversial Quotes From Bannon On apathy and getting people engaged politically: â€Å"Fear is a good thing. Fear is going to lead you to take action.† On racism in the alt-right movement: â€Å"Are there racist people involved in the alt-right? Absolutely. Look, are there some people that are white nationalists that are attracted to some of the philosophies of the alt-right? Maybe. Are there some people that are anti-Semitic that are attracted? Maybe. Right? Maybe some people are attracted to the alt-right that are homophobes, right? But that’s just like, there are certain elements of the progressive left and the hard left that attract certain elements.† On upending the Republican Party:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We don’t believe there is a functional conservative party in this country and we certainly don’t think the Republican Party is that. It’s going to be an insurgent, center-right populist movement that is virulently anti-establishment, and it’s going to continue to hammer this city, both the progressive left and the institutional Republican Party.†

Black Friday Stats on Shoppers, Spending, and Purchases

Black Friday Stats on Shoppers, Spending, and Purchases In 2016, more than 154 million people in the U.S. shopped in stores and online over  the Thanksgiving weekend, according to a survey commissioned by the National Retail Federation (NRF). Thats more than 60 percent of the nations total population of adults. The NRF data indicates that nearly 100 million people shopped in stores over the holiday weekend while 108 million shopped online, and some, of course, did both. The NRF survey results show that Black Friday shopping appeals more to Millennials- adults aged 18 to 34 years- than it does to others. They were more likely to shop over the holiday weekend, and they were more likely to shop for themselves (doing more of their shopping online than in person). And they say that baseball is the ultimate American pastime?  In a consumerist culture, its shopping. How Much We  Spent The average shopper spent about $290  dollars over the three-day period, according to NRF, down ten dollars from 2015. ShopperTrak estimates that this resulted in $12.1 billion dollars spent over Thursday and Friday, with the majority of it, $10 million, spent on Black Friday. According to Adobe Insights, $5.2 billion was spent online during this two-day period. According to Mindshare, online sales for the four-day period of November 24-27 broke records, with total spending of $9.36 billion, which represents more than a 16 percent increase over 2015. Shoppers spent more online than ever on  Black Friday, at more than $3 billion. Not to be outdone, Cyber Monday broke previous records as well, with consumers spending $3.4 billion in one day, according to Adobe Insights. This was not only a 12 percent increase over Cyber Monday 2015, it is also a figure that makes Cyber Monday 2016 the most lucrative online retail day in history. Who Spent the Most Contrary to the stereotypical image of women as shopaholics, it was actually men who spent the most on Black Friday and Cyber Monday. Mindshare reported prior to the shopping events that men surveyed anticipated spending nearly 69% more than the average woman, or $417 compared to $247. Mindshares survey also showed that it was older adults, those aged 35-54 who intended to spend the most of any age group, at an average of $356 per person. Millennials, however, were right behind them at a projected $338. This level of spending among Millennials, considerably higher than the average for all shoppers, might strike some as curious, or even selfish, given that they were more likely to shop for themselves than other age groups.  Its worth noting that Millennials have struggled financially during early adulthood in ways that previous generations have not, thanks in part to the Great Recession and to the ever-soaring mountain of student debt. Due in large part to these and other economic factors, Millennial adults are more likely to live at home with their parents than any other previous generation of young adults since 1880.  For these reasons, its quite likely that many among this age group use the opportunity of Black Friday discounts to purchase necessities or minor luxuries that they cant otherwise afford. How  and When They Shopped Though many  likely think of Black Friday and the entire Thanksgiving weekend as a frenzy of shoppers battling for deals at big box stores across the country, NRF data show that more people actually shopped online than in-store this year. Over the holiday weekend, online shopping was at its peak on Black Friday, until, of course, Cyber Monday rolled around. The vast majority of in-store shopping took place on Black Friday too, but again, bucking the stereotypical image, most people did not line up early or camp out for Thanksgiving or Black Friday deals. Only a small fraction of shoppers did this, and it turns out that they are more likely to men and to be Millennials. Mindshare notes that both groups were looking for specific deals on these days, and that they expected the in-store deals to be better than those found online. Where They Shopped and What They Bought The NRF found that more than half who went out to shop over the holiday weekend visited a department store like Macys and Nordstrom, and more than a third shopped at discount stores like Walmart or Target. Slightly less than a third visited an electronics store, and about 28 percent shopped at a store for clothing or accessories. One in four holiday shoppers visited a grocery store or supermarket. The NRF reported  that clothing and accessories led as the most popular gift items among those surveyed, with toys in second place. Electronics, books, CDs, DVDs, videos and video games, and gift cards rounded out the most common items that shoppers intended to buy as gifts. Online shoppers flocked to electronics items, including Samsung 4K televisions, Apples iPad Air 2 and iPad Mini, Microsofts Xbox One, and Sonys Playstation 4, according to Adobe Insights. Likely an indication of why men planned to spend more than women during the holiday shopping extravaganza, Mindshare reported that men were more likely than women to buy big-ticket items, including cars and auto parts, electronics, and video games. Women, on the other hand, reported plans to buy clothing and other fashion items, electronics, and toys. Among the toys sold online during Cyber Monday, Adobe Insights reported that Lego sets were the most popular item,  followed by Shopkins, Nerf, Barbie, and Little Live Pets. Why They Went Unsurprisingly, the NRF-commissioned survey found that half of all in-store shoppers said they had gone out on Thanksgiving and the subsequent days because the deals were too good to pass up. And it was women, more so than men, who were motivated to shop by a desire to find the best deals and discounts, according to Mindshare. Men, on the other hand, were more likely to be out shopping for specific items. The vast majority of those polled by NRF- about 3-in-4- shopped in order to buy gifts for others. Interestingly, from a sociological standpoint, NRF found that a third of in-store shoppers reported that they shopped because it was tradition, and  a quarter said they did it because it gave them something to do over the holiday weekend. And that, folks, is the very definition of consumerism.

Second year BA Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Second year BA Photography - Essay Example Film and photography are the main medium of art in the contemporary scenario. Besides these, there are access to the internet, email and television. In this paper, the writer attempts to give a brief description on the work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. This is one of the works of Walter Benjamin that deals with technology based art production. A number of people refer to his work these days. His works are gaining popularity now than ever before. He has given explanation for mechanization of art such as film and photography. He lived at the time of the growth of communism and fascism. So he had observed the politicization of art. Then the impact of technology on art is also discussed in this paper. â€Å"The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction†, published in 1936, is the work of Walter Benjamin who was a German and most of his works are very significant in the contemporary world especially in the field of art and his popularity is increasing by day. This work has been considered as the standard reference in the analysis of art today, since it speaks about the mechanization in art like in movies and photography. Benjamin was so intelligent and he was influenced by the culture in which he lived. He was born in 1892 in a middle class family that had a close relation to art since his father was an art dealer in Berlin. He could not earn an academic employment due to some incidents in his life. One among them was that his doctoral study was rejected, as the subject was not comprehendible and the second incident was, criticizing and attacking one of the members in intellectual circle. His writings are supposed to be excellent works in explaining on the mechanica l reproduction of film, photography etc. Undoubtedly, we can say that technology-based production of art spoils our creativity, newness, uniqueness and authenticity. Today, one of the means of art is film production and cartoon movies which are at the fore front.

Healthy Diet for People with Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Healthy Diet for People with Diabetes - Essay Example According to the code of professional ethics, the nurses and other medical practitioners are accountable for actions and omissions made in their lines of professional duty and practice, and are bound to justify decisions. 4 The National Service Framework (NSF) for Diabetics 4 Diabetes Description 5 Natural Progression and Pathophysiology 5 Epidemiology 7 Symptoms and Related Complications 8 Complications 9 Management 11 Management of Diabetes 11 Management of Complications 14 Preventing Diabetes 15 Preventing Emergencies 18 Conclusion 21 References 22 Dietary Management for Diabetes Patients Introduction Background Diabetes mellitus, simply known as diabetes, is a disease that occurs due to high blood sugar. This could occur from the fact that pancreas is producing inadequate insulin, or because the cells in the body are irresponsive to the insulin that is produced (Dunning, 2009). Diabetes occurs in two main types; type 1 and 2. Apart from type one and two diabetes, there are other forms, for example gestational diabetes, which occurs in pregnant women, there is congenital diabetes, monogenic diabetes, and diabetes related to cystic fibrosis (Dunning, 2009). All of these types have adverse effects on human health and as such as to be managed, if only to prevent the high rate of fatalities that the disease has the potential to bring about (Taheri, 2012). Globally, many diabetics tend to live in denial on the possible physical impacts of diabetes complications such as heart attack, kidney failure, amputation, stroke, eye disease, high blood pressure. This poses a shocking awareness after diagnosis, and is likely to destabilize the psychological status of the patient (Gadsby & Khunti, 2013). Low or unstable blood sugars in diabetics cause irrationality, anger, anxiety, impatience and restlessness that may cause stress, depression and denial. Dietary management for diabetics may require that fried meals and sugary desserts be replaced with baked foods, fresh fruit s and vegetables (Gadsby & Khunti, 2013). The aim of this paper is to look into the management of this disease, especially as pertains to their dietary needs. To this effect, it is important to study the pathophysiology of diabetes, its epidemiology and natural progression to gain an understanding of the background of the illness (Gadsby & Khunti, 2013). In addition to this, the paper will study the some of the common modes of treatment, that is, the use of insulin. The paper will also cover prevention of diabetes and potential complications from the disease, management of these complications and the role of the multidisciplinary team in all this (Taheri, 2012). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines The dietary and nutritional management is fundamental for the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and the effective management of Type 1 and 2 diabetes (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008). NICE guidelines provide information to both the healthcare professionals and the diab etics that are necessary in the determination of healthy dietary choices (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008). Nutritional management is effective for diabetics, and in the prevention of

Annotated Bibliography and Source Evaluations Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

And Source Evaluations - Annotated Bibliography Example The article is composed in a manner that represents behavior towards animal drug testing in developed world whereas it is silent on the topic of attitudes about the target practice in developing parts of the globe. The web-post made by Anthis, N on 10, October, 2006 stated that recent research on the topic of animal testing in medical field found that England based medical professionals are in favor of the practice as they recognize its importance in terms of making significant past developments possible. The notable number of participants of the study supported the practice while 96% of them considered the notion ethical and 65% of the respondents held the idea of safety dear. But they supported animal testing at the end. However 93% of the general practitioners who are interviewed offered a cautionary note which said that results of animal testing may mislead practitioners when working with humans. Yet in majority of the cases humans and animals have been known to experience similar symptoms when catch a same disease such as fever and therefore animal testing is recommended. The research paper written by Zurlo, Rudacille and Goldberg stated that laws governing animal rights have been passed in deverloped economies of the world such as England, Germany and Netherlands. The practitioners have been therefore suggested to keep their practices in line with the current legal system because failure to do so may result in imprisonment and cancellation of licensing as well. The developed nations are looking to develop alternative techniques for drug testing but the research in this field is currently at preliminary stages. However it promises a lot and have the tendency to change the present outlook of medical practice in the near future. The target audience of this document are professionals who are working to develop new testing techniques while the purpose of the

CMI Unit 3005 Identifying development opportunities and Unit 3008 Assignment

CMI Unit 3005 Identifying development opportunities and Unit 3008 Improving team performance - Assignment Example Building and managing effective teams is therefore a very important aspect of organisational success. Leaders have a particularly important role to play in ensuring that individuals and teams align with organisational priorities, strategies & objectives and work for the attainment of the same. It is not only through authority that they wield but also knowledge and charisma that leaders are able to inspire and motivate effective teams. Leaders must thus ensure a fertile environment for meaningful engagement, expression and conflict resolution so as to lead effective teams. They should as much as possible encourage consensus in decision making, promoting a conducive work place, clear roles & assignments and communicate the business goals as well as organisational culture among their teams. The goal should be for every member of the team to identify with works towards the attainment of organisational goals. An example of an organisational objective is achieving operational efficiency. In the increasingly competitive business environment, organisations setting goals of increasing efficiency in their operations so as to meet customer demands in terms of time and value for their dollars. This affects teams significantly; the impact on teams of such organisational goal could be negative or positive to the business. However, the main goal of the objective is to lead teams their work towards attainment of organisational goals. The goals must therefore be communicated clearly to the teams in order for individuals to read from same script while executing their daily duties. Poor communication of goals could result in competition among team members for instance in the hope of being rewarded for being above other team members. Individuals could thus resort to unethical means in their quest to outperform others. Communication should therefore be effectively executed for teams to be effective. There are various

Ferrari trategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Ferrari trategic Management - Case Study Example Ferrari i known and i highly valued everywhere in the world. From the U to Japan, from Germany and witzerland to India, to France, Autralia, New Zealand, Ruia, Brazil and Argentina. The term 'Contructor' applie in F1 for a corporate or any well-organized body which contruct the car, engine or chai. The contructor of an engine or chai own the intellectual right to it. (Porter, 1985, 44) The title of Formula 1 World Champion Contructor i given to the car that ha drawn the mot point during the coure of the eaon. A car' engine and chai, both are taken into account while deciding on it point. If a car' chai and engine contructor i the ame, the title imply goe to that contructor. But, if the maker of the chai and engine are different, the title i given jointly, like Ferrari-Honda, Renault-Mercede etc. The name of the chai contructor come before that of the engine contructor. The term 'contructor' and 'entrant' have different and pecific meaning. An entrant i the peron or corporate entity that regiter a car and driver for a race eaon. Thereafter the reponibility of preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend lie with them. The term 'team' i uually applied to an entrant organization. The 1970 were the lat decade Ferrari entered a a work effort in port car racing. After an uninpired performance in the 1973 F1 World Championhip, Enzo Ferrari topped all development of port car in prototype and GT racing at the end of the year, although, Enzo planned to pull out of F1, that year which wa the year of the lat "official" Targa Florio road race Enzo regarded a more important to him. After three poor year, Ferrari igned Niki Lauda in 1974, and made the momentou deciion to pull out of portcar racing to concentrate upon F1. However, poor reliability with the 312B3 kept them from taking victory that year. The new Ferrari 312T, developed fully with Niki Lauda, introduced in 1975 brought Ferrari back to winning way. Niki taking the driver' crown and Ferrari the contructor'. (Mazzucato, 2002, 55-88) In 1976 Lauda crahed at the German Grand Prix. Carlo Reutemann wa hired a a replacement, o with Clay Regazzoni driving the other car, Ferrari had to run three car in the 1976 Italian Grand Prix when Lauda returned unexpectedly oon (only 6 week after hi accident). Lauda cored point, but retired from the lat race in Japan in heavy rain, thu allowing Jame Hunt to take the title by jut a ingle point. In 1977 Lauda, having come back from hi near fatal crah the previou year, took the title again for Ferrari (and the team won the cotrucutor' championhip), overcoming hi more fancied, and favoured, team mate. Hi relation with the team, epecially the team manager Mauro Forghieri continued to deteriorate, and he decided finally to leave for Brabham. (Mazzucato, 2002, 55-88) In 1978, Ferrari raced with Carlo Reutemann and Gille Villeneuve, and while they managed to produce a olid car it, like everyone that year, wa outclaed by the ground effect Lotu 79. (Mazzucato, 2002, 55-88) Jody checkter replacing the Lotu bound Argentinian in 1979, took the title, upported by Gille Villeneuve (who dutifully followed the outh

CMI Unit 3005 Identifying development opportunities and Unit 3008 Assignment

CMI Unit 3005 Identifying development opportunities and Unit 3008 Improving team performance - Assignment Example Building and managing effective teams is therefore a very important aspect of organisational success. Leaders have a particularly important role to play in ensuring that individuals and teams align with organisational priorities, strategies & objectives and work for the attainment of the same. It is not only through authority that they wield but also knowledge and charisma that leaders are able to inspire and motivate effective teams. Leaders must thus ensure a fertile environment for meaningful engagement, expression and conflict resolution so as to lead effective teams. They should as much as possible encourage consensus in decision making, promoting a conducive work place, clear roles & assignments and communicate the business goals as well as organisational culture among their teams. The goal should be for every member of the team to identify with works towards the attainment of organisational goals. An example of an organisational objective is achieving operational efficiency. In the increasingly competitive business environment, organisations setting goals of increasing efficiency in their operations so as to meet customer demands in terms of time and value for their dollars. This affects teams significantly; the impact on teams of such organisational goal could be negative or positive to the business. However, the main goal of the objective is to lead teams their work towards attainment of organisational goals. The goals must therefore be communicated clearly to the teams in order for individuals to read from same script while executing their daily duties. Poor communication of goals could result in competition among team members for instance in the hope of being rewarded for being above other team members. Individuals could thus resort to unethical means in their quest to outperform others. Communication should therefore be effectively executed for teams to be effective. There are various

China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

China - Essay Example Democracy was never followed in Peoples Republic of China (PRC), be it the Chinese media or press, all were owned by the Chinese government. And the most annoying dilemma to which U.S was confronted since the beginning of Chinese independence was the failure of U.S government to introduce political reforms in China. Since the beginning, U.S was interested in bringing democracy to China, to which he allegedly failed. On the other hand Chinese media has always vehemently condemned the United States as a real enemy over a series of crises and why it shouldn't blame the U.S as the press and media are the well known governmental bodies of PRC: the bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade; the row over human rights, trade, and Taiwan; the alleged Chinese espionage on U. S. nuclear intelligence, and a U. S. spy plane crashing into a Chinese fighter plane. These all examples escort us to the fact that nationalist feelings is China's genuine hunger for international status, for which today PRC has changed its dimensions with the media hailing the upcoming 2008 Olympics and WTO membership as milestones of national importance. (Chuan Lee, 2003, p. 2) According to Xiaogang, "there is something unique about the press in China's transition to the market, namely the duality of its formal and informal roles. On the formal side, all media are required to toe the official propaganda line. Press controls in China are not based upon codified censorship but are issue-specific. In order to ensure that the media interpret the news in a way favorable to the regime, the state decides what the press can and cannot report, who deals with particular issues and how these news items are to be presented. On the informal side, journalists have been attempting to break free from state control as their media seek liberties in the marketplace. Though all Chinese media have bureaucratic affiliations, their operations have been increasingly commercialized, and they can express opinions, which are quite different from those prescribed by their bureaucratic affiliations". (Xiaogang, 1999) Background of Chinese Politics The American image of China despite of dating back to the colonial period and the early trade with the Chinese has never been considered friendly, but the degree and the level to which orientalist views about China were normalized, domesticated, and popularized in the World War II era which is unmatched by any other period in American history. Unique to the American orientalist discourse of this period was the way it tended to measure and define America according to carefully calibrated terms of modernity. Modernity at this juncture in history, more than at any other time, was most closely associated with material luxuries and conveniences afforded by the advancement of technology as well as the adoption of beliefs that promoted the progress of civilization. This has been the reason why the Chinese culture and civilization apart from the governmental level has been under deep influence of U.S. To believe in progress was to believe in the promise of science and the values embedded in American notions of democracy. In short, being American for Chinese was synonymous with being modern. (Heyung, 2000, p. 32) Chinese Americans Expectations Chinese Americans in the 1930s challenge the perspective that assumes cultural subjects that typically aspire to blend in

Early Literacy in Education Essay Example for Free

Early Literacy in Education Essay Introduction â€Å"Literacy learning has a profound and lasting effect on the social and academic lives of children. Their future educational opportunities and career choices are directly related to literacy ability. Since early childhood is the period when language develops most rapidly, it is imperative that young children are provided with a variety of developmentally appropriate literacy experiences throughout each day, and that the classroom environment is rich with language, both spoken and printed. Early childhood teachers are responsible for both understanding the developmental continuum of language and literacy and for supporting each child’s literacy development. Literacy learning begins at birth and develops rapidly during the preschool period. The main components of literacy—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—should all be encouraged and supported through conversations and activities that are meaningful to the child and that involve adults and peers. Each child’s interest and motivation to engage in literacy-related activities are evident before that child is able to read or write conventionally. Children should be provided with environments that encourage literacy exploration and their emergent reading and writing behaviors should be valued and supported by their teachers. Effective language and literacy programs provide children who do not speak English with opportunities for listening, speaking, reading, and writing in both English and the home language. It is important for the teacher to recognize the need to make modifications in the presentation of vocabulary, directions, storytelling, reading, and other oral language communication when working with children who do not speak English as their home language. These modifications may include the use of visual aids, scaffolding, repetition, rephrasing, and modeling. † (NJ Department of Education, 2009) Gone are the days in which manual labor was the backbone of our society. We are a people living in the information technology age. Everything that is done from brewing your morning cup of coffee to setting your I-pod to wake you up morning and everything in between requires reading. Without reading a person will face great adversity in day to day living let alone success. It is now critical that every child and adult be able to read and comprehend. Over the past ten years, the amount of information that requires one to read, utilize writing skills, problem solving, and critical thinking has grown enormously. Studies have shown that one of the strongest indicators of a child’s success in school is the educational attainment of his or her parents. As you can imagine, this can plainly effect more than the person who is illiterate. This can also be a death sentence of poverty and destitution as the child grows into adulthood just as doors open for the life-long reader. Today we will discuss: what is needed to prepare children to read, the methods used to help recognize phonics and begin the transition into emergent readers, and what can be done to encourage reading in the future. Preparation In order for a child to begin reading parents must begin assisting their child from an early age. â€Å"Every step a child takes toward learning to read leads to another. Bit by bit, the child builds the knowledge that is necessary for being a reader. Over their first 6 years, most children †¢Talk and listen. †¢Listen to stories read aloud. †¢Pretend to read. †¢Learn how to handle books. †¢Learn about print and how it works. †¢Identify letters by name and shape. †¢Identify separate sounds in spoken language. †¢Write with scribbles and drawing. †¢Connect single letters with the sounds they make. †¢Connect what they already know to what they hear read. †¢Predict what comes next in stories and poems. †¢Connect combinations of letters with sounds. †¢Recognize simple words in print. †¢Sum up what a story is about. †¢Write individual letters of the alphabet. †¢Write words. †¢Write simple sentences. †¢Read simple books. †¢Write to communicate. †¢Read simple books. Children can take more than one of these steps at the same time. This list of steps, though, gives you a general idea of how your child will progress toward reading. † (Helping your child become a reader) While these ideas may seem structured, it is also important to allow children to be creative and use their imagination. Although reading is imperative, too many arrangements and rules can turn a child off and lead to feelings of resentment, anger, and resistance. Reading should be set to the tone and pace of the child. Emergent Readers As the standards of education change a consistent factor remains the focus on reading. Early childhood educators must provide an atmosphere that is both developmentally stimulating to the student while also meeting the standards of education. The methods used to help recognize phonics and begin the transition into emergent readers vary from student to student. Without the foundation of phonics research shows that a child will not learn to read. All children must know the alphabet in order to communicate effectively. Phonics cannot be drilled into the child. This will only produce memorization. Instead, educators must understand a child’s individual needs as well as balance. There is no true need to teach phonics as a separate subject. Most children will develop a sense of curiosity from their own knowledge, ideas, and interest. There will of course be a select few that may benefit from a more formal instruction. When children have a reason to know this will provide enthusiasm. For example: The first letter and sound a child typically learns may be his or her own name. A teacher may ask Billy to identify the first letter of his name. â€Å"B† replies Billy. â€Å"What sound does the letter B make? † â€Å"Buh-buh-Billy exclaims the child. Billy is now inspired and driven to want to learn the other sounds the letters make. Parents and teachers must also realize that reading will contrast greatly as children grow. Below is a list that may help each parent as well as teacher: â€Å"Infants †¢Talk, read, and sing to infantsthey learn from everything they see and hear even in the first stages of life. †¢Take your baby to the park, zoo, and the store with you. Bring her attention to objects, signs, and people. †¢Always make books a part of your babys toy selection, even if he enjoys handling books more than being read to. As your child grows, point out pictures of objects and offer their names. Eventually, your child will be able to name the pictures, too. †¢Encourage associations between symbols and their meaningas they get closer to toddlerhood, children may begin to recognize familiar signs for products and logos for cereal or fast food restaurants. Toddlers †¢Help toddlers make the transition from baby talk to adult language by repeating their words and expressions correctly without reprimanding them. †¢Let toddlers read their favorite picture books by themselves while you remain close by to comment. Or, pause before a familiar word as you read to your toddler, and let her fill in the missing word. This works especially well with rhymes or repeated refrains. †¢Provide magnetic and block letters to introduce a toddler to the spelling of his name. †¢Before you take your toddler on a new type of outing, read about the events you are about to witness. Talk with your child about the experience, and follow up with further reading to reinforce learning. Preschooler †¢Add new books to your child’s collection, but keep reading old favorites. Your preschooler may know them by heart nowthis represents an important step in learning about reading. †¢Continue to take children shopping with you, and let them help identify products with coupons. Let preschool children join in as you follow a recipe. †¢Take books on long trips with you to encourage reading as entertainment. School-age children †¢Continue to read to your child, even if she has learned to read already. Take turns reading pages of your favorite books. †¢Encourage story writing by listening to the stories children tell. †¢Play word games like Scrabble or Boggle with children and introduce them to crossword puzzles. † (NAEYC, 1998) Encouragement â€Å"The first step in teaching a child to read is encouraging them to read. † – Unknown. This is a proven fact in the development of children. A child that is encouraged has no limit on what he or she can achieve. As educators and parents the responsibility begins early. Reading will encourage children to develop a life-long love for learning. If knowledge is power, books are full of it. Why is reading so important to children? â€Å"The Media Awareness Network emphasizes the potentially negative effects watching television can have on kids. This includes increased exposure to violence, sexual content, and adversely affecting a child’s course of development. In addition, watching television teaches children habits that promote a sedentary lifestyle, contributing to childhood obesity. Meanwhile, reading has been proven to enhance a child’s life by assisting cognitive development and helping children build language skills. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization points out that reading helps children develop a sense of empowerment. It can also help children develop social and communication skills. Furthermore, good reading skills increase educational opportunities and may dramatically increase a child’s chances for academic and lifelong success† (Lendabarker, 2010) There is a vast assortment of options for parents to help encourage reading at home. One of the longest running programs to encourage reading is Pizza Hut’s â€Å"BOOK IT† program. â€Å"This provides an incentive to motivate children to read. BOOK IT! runs every school year from October through March. The teacher sets a reading goal for each child in the class. A tracking chart and reproducibles are included to make it that much easier. As soon as a child meets the monthly reading goal, the teacher gives him or her a Reading Award Certificate. † (Pizza Hut) Flexible BOOK IT! goals are based on reading ability. Number of books, number of pages, or number of minutes – they all work. BOOK IT! can also be used with the reading curriculum or as support for comprehension or intervention programs. For children not reading independently, the goal can be set where a parent or others read to the child. Fun Pizza Hut is proud of all BOOK IT! readers! The restaurant manager and team congratulate every child for meeting the monthly reading goal and reward them with a free, one-topping Personal Pan Pizza, BOOK IT! card and backpack clip. Other ideas to encourage reading include: †¢Make a habit of reading to your child every day, whether she is a one-year-old or a 10-year-old. †¢When your child is able to, have her read to you. You can take turns reading chapters in a simple chapter book, for example. †¢Get a library card for your child. Go to the library every week and take out several books. †¢Be aware of your childs interests and direct your child to related books. †¢Try to find a series that she really likes and will want to continue reading. †¢Provide a comfortable reading area, with good lighting, in your home. †¢Discuss books with your child. †¢Buy books for your children that are related to their special interests. †¢If your child is a reluctant reader and not reading on grade level, buy her hi/lo books (books with a high interest level, low vocabulary). †¢Talk to your childs teacher and ask for suggestions. †¢If your child likes incentives and the computer, enroll in an online book group. †¢If your child really enjoys a particular author, check with your librarian about other authors or books she might enjoy. †¢Children also often enjoy the opportunity to read childrens magazines As parents and educators, it is more important to spend time reading with your child on a consistent on-going basis. The method you select is not nearly as important as the time spent actually reading together. Conclusion Show me a child that can read and research will show you a child on his or her way to succeed. Parents, educators, grandparents, aunts, uncles all need to take time to read to a child. All too often parents rush out to buy the latest video game or latest toy. Where is that enthusiasm for the love of reading? How many children even see their parents read? We live in an age where technology surrounds us at every given moment; that does not negate the need to read and to take an active role in the education of children. The research speaks for itself. Reading equals succeeding. Works Cited Bagert, B. C. (1993). Helping your child learn to read. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from Kids Source: http://www. kidsource. com/kidsource/content/learread. html Lendabarker, K. (2010, January 3). Encouraging Children to Read. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from Suite101: http://earlychildhood. suite101. com/article. cfm/helping_children_develop_good_reading_habits NAEYC. (1998). Phonics and Whole Language Learning. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from Education. com: http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_Phonics_Whole/ NJ Department of Education. (2009, Unknown Unknown). Retrieved February 16, 2010, from www. state. nj. us: www. state. nj. us/education/cccs/2009/PreSchool. doc Pizza Hut. (n. d. ). Pizza Hut. Retrieved February 25, 2010, from Pizza Hut BOOK IT! program: http://www. bookitprogram. com/bedtimestory/ Uknown. (n. d. ). Literacy Guide. Retrieved February 24, 2010, from Bankstreet: http://www. bankstreet. edu/literacyguide/early2. html Unknown. (unknown, unknown unknown). Helping your child become a reader. Retrieved February 19, 2010, from Ed. gov: http://www2. ed. gov/parents/academic/help/reader/part4. html.

The Importance Of Effective Communication Information Technology Essay

The Importance Of Effective Communication Information Technology Essay Effective communication is crucial to successful performance of teams and for project completion in the construction industry. Various organisations are involved in contributing the delivery of technically complex and schedule driven projects. Why should be there research in this area This dissertation will derive from knowledge obtained from understanding the theories and practices of communication in construction projects, along with knowledge of developments in communication methods implemented during construction phases. The effectiveness of communication methods used between the principal contractor and the design team will be analysed and key issues in communication identified. This in turn will help to understand the reason behind ineffective communication that causes numerous problems in project processes. How are you going to do it? Key findings Introduction Construction is a project oriented industry, and many of the projects are of great magnitude, involving various organisations and teams working to meet projects objectives. No one in the construction industry today would deny that effective communication is crucial for the successful performance of teams and projects. Emmitt and Gorse (2003). This dissertation will be investigating the relationship between a medium sized contractor and a design team working on traditional contract project. The idea for this dissertation derived from comments received on rising issues in communication that continue to cause inconsistencies during projects activities as a result of ineffective communication. Construction projects are complex and risky endeavours, containing a variety of elements that cause projects to run overtime, over budget and produce poor quality results. During the design and construction stages of the project there are numerous communication channels created between the design team and the main contractor, in order to allow information related to projects activities to be disseminated among the participants. For this information to be sent and received accurately and clearly amid designer and a contractor, it is imperative that the relationship between these key parties include competent communicators and effective communication tools in order to interact successfully. During design and construction stages of the project it is of high importance that the accuracy of information that is being transferred between these parties is effectively communicated, as this, in turn will greatly affect the teamwork and positively influence the progress of the project throughou t its duration. (reference) Effective communications is essential to a successful construction project. If participants are unable to communicate information, ideas and issues simply and clearly to others then the project is unlikely to succeed. (Reference). Dainty et al. (2006, p. 5) argue that communication in construction is multifaceted and inherently complex, encompassing several dimensions on individual, group and organizational levels: not only does it involve the transfer of information, but also it bridges distances, is the basis of interaction between people, and conveys feelings, values and beliefs. The problem occurs when communication is handled inadequately during numerous activities. The information that is disseminated between involved, or project related parties can be inaccurate, unclear or misunderstood. This information is distributed using variety of methods and tools, and its the skill of the sender and the circumstances as well as competence of the receiver that may affect this information to be communicated effectively. Whether the specification designed by the architect is clear, whether the participants of the projects understand the information, and if not how effectively can they inform the issue, or if its been noticed at all. Effective Communication methods during all these phases of the project are key aspects to successful construction. This dissertation will be presenting a relationship between a medium sized contractor and the design teams. Aims and Objectives Structure of Dissertation Literature Review Emmitt and Gorse (2003) state that communication is implicit in everything we do. In other words that anything we do with other people must involve some sort of communication, Harley (1999) backs up this argument. Thomas, Tucker and Kelly (1998), explain in simple terms that communication is the sending and the receiving between the team members. This is similar to Cherry (1978) who states that communication is the process of interaction between individuals in which meaning is created and shared. One must understand that when relating this process to construction, communication is one of the most utilised activities. This is because as Betts (1991) states; construction is a complex and managerial activity, involving many different individuals and organisations interacting within a project environment. It is important to understand why effective communication is crucial in project oriented organisations; this is because there is a direct relationship between communications effectivene ss and projects success. Thomas, Tucker and Kelly (1998), Emmitt and Gorse (2003) emphasise that good communication within an organisation and between organisations contributing to the construction project can improve motivation levels and improve production process. Ballad and Howell (2003) included the importance of successful communication in the lean project management, claiming that if communication is effectively utilised in the project then this greatly improves the chances of projects success in terms of on time delivery and reduction in costs. Consequently, inadequate communication can result in a de-motivated workforce and lead to problems in production. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) follow this up by saying that poor co-ordination and communication of design information leads to design problems that cause design errors. These acknowledgements of significance to effective communication have lead me to believe that if in construction project communication is ineffective then this issue can play a vital element in why a construction project fails to deliver or achieve objectives. This is backed up by Thomas, Tucker and Kelly (1998), who explain that project performance can be enhanced through the implementation of effective project communications and conversely, projects can fail if hindered with poor communications. To achieve effective communication in construction projects, it seems that there are numerous factors that require investigating and understanding, before effective communication can be introduced and implemented. (REFERENCE) The question is then; how does a project oriented organisation achieve effective communication? And what could be the causes of ineffective communication that result in inconsistencies during the construction phases? Emmitt and Gorse (2003) state that; effective communication lies at the heart of a business, inherent in leadership and management. Thomas, Tucker Kelly (1998) also say that projects characteristics such as structure, size and location influence the effectiveness of communication. During my studies I have gathered common views that are related to issues during construction phase and post construction that were caused by ineffective communication between the main contractor and the design team. Through further research I wish to understand how effective communication can be achieved in these cases, and possibly unravel these issues in construction projects. Communication Process Communication is the activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people information. (Oxford Dictionary 2009) Betts (1991) states that information in construction projects is diverse in terms of its form, its subject and its source. The information that is available also differs with regard to its currency, accuracy, adequacy and relevance. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) add to this, stating that communication and information management is a prime activity in construction. The entire construction process relies on vast quantities of information being generated, transmitted and interpreted to enable a project to be built, maintained and reused. This is backed up by Winch (2009) who states that information flows are the heart of business process in all organisations. Based on this, communication can be a complex process especially in project oriented organisations. This is why it is essential that before effective communication can be explored, one must understand the process of communication. Thomas, Tucker Kelly (1998), say that there is a common set of elements essential to an understanding of communication. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) state that the process method sees communication as the transmission of messages, through which one person or parties seek to influence the behaviour or state of mind of the other. They also add that for communication to be effective the message must first be received and then understood by the receiver. Thomas, Tucker Kelly (1998) also explain that the communication process consists of a Sender and the Receiver. The sender acts as the originator of the communication and knows best the intended idea; therefore the sender must encode the idea into the message that is to be sent. Comprehension of the message by the receiver depends on a number of factors including how much the individual knows about the topic, the relationship and trust that exists between the sender and the receiver. And the receivers understanding and perception of the information being conveyed. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) have also recognised that there often more than one receiver of the message. Thomas, Tucker Kelly (1998) complete this by adding that the message is the encoded idea being transmitted and can be verbal or non verbal. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) explain effective communication is complete when this process is carried out successfully where the sender and receiver achieve a common understanding. Clampitt (2005) discussed the arrow approach where communication is rather like shooting an arrow at a target and is seen as a one-way activity based primarily on the skills of the sender. Harley (1999) also discusses this understanding of communication process and adds his theory supporting Calmpitt in his 1st addition, with a fundamental belief is that Effective Expression = Effective Communication. Winch (2009) states that all organisations are in essence information processing systems. Communication methods implemented in a project oriented organisations all transfer information from one face to another. Winch (2009) explains that the problems in construction projects arise when ineffective communication causes a poor information flow which results in inconsistencies in the project. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) also state that the people build and these people must communicate with one another effectively in order to achieve their common objective. Communication inconsistencies Emmitt and Gorse (2003) believe that communication barriers are evident whenever people meet. They state that trust and the relationship between two communicating parties is very important in ensuring effective communication. Bowen and Edwards (1996) recognise that one of the major barriers to effective communication is in the way of a gatekeeper. A gatekeeper is used to describe the behaviour of an individual who withholds or alters information as it passes him or her. Emmitt and Gorse (2003). Bowen and Edwards (1996) expand on this idea by stating that message distortion is likely to occur where there is an absence of direct communication. Emmitt and Gorse (2003) explain that new IT technologies are welcome, as they provide a convenient tool through which organisations use to transmit, store and access vast quantities of information very rapidly. However, they explain that industry now focus too much on the power and speed of the systems and not enough on the message being transmitted, or the requirements of the users. Winch (2002) has compared and explained that when the interfaces between systems were paper backed systems, it does not matter that different formats were used to create the message. However, when computers started to communicate directly with one another this has become a problem. As it is often seen that the receiver is unable to read the information because the sender has sent it in a different format. This has now become a new problem. Alternatives in Communications Different methods of communications Verbal and non verbal communication- effectiveness of both, different circumstances.

The Jungle :: essays research papers

The Jungle, due to the federal legislation it provoked, became one of the most impressionistic books of the twentieth century. Americans were horrified to learn about the terrible sanitation under which their meat products were packed. They were even more horrified to learn that the labels listing the ingredients in canned meat products were blatant fabrications. The revelation that rotten and diseased meat was sold without a single consideration for public health infuriated American citizens. They consumed meat containing the ground remains of poisoned rats and sometimes unfortunate workers who fell into the machinery for grinding meat and producing lard. Within months of The Jungle's publication, the sale of meat products dropped dramatically. The public outcry of indignation led to the passage of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, Sinclair did not write The Jungle to incite the American government into regulating the sanitation of the meat packing industry. The details regarding the unsanitary and disgusting conditions in meat packing factories are background details of a much larger picture. The Jungle was written in order to provoke outrage over the miserable working conditions of industrial wage labor. He detailed the lack of sanitation in the factories in order to provoke sympathy and outrage for the impoverished factory workers. The germs and disease inside the meat packing establishments were indeed a public health concern, but it was far more of a concern for the workers. He also portrays the various sicknesses they suffer as a result of their working environments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jungle is also an appeal to Socialism. He follows Jurgis's Lithuanian immigrant family into the disgusting tenements and meat packing factories of Chicago. There, they suffer the loss of all their dreams of success and freedom in America. They find themselves leashed to the grinding poverty and misery of the city slums despite all their best efforts. Sinclair's purposes for writing the novel included displaying the evils of capitalism as an economic system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jurgis suffers misfortune after misfortune, and he joins the union only to see the union fail to improve working conditions. His wife and child die in rapid succession. He becomes a wandering tramp, the victim of the casual cruelty of those better off than he. Finally, he joins the Chicago criminal underworld where money comes easily to him for the first time since his arrival in America. However, that fails to save him as well. He returns to the remnants of his family only to discover that Marija has become a prostitute. Another member of the family, Stanislovas, is dead, having been eaten alive by a swarm of rats in

Police Deviance And Accountability Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The ethically ideal police system would be one with integrity and nothing puzzling about it (i.e., there would be neither corruption nor misconduct). There would be no us-against-them and no disrespect for the limits of the law or how it’s enforced. Everything done in private would be just as if it was done in public.† (Anonymous)   This is the probably an interesting view of one’s vision for the police. Can this be achieved? is a question of utmost importance. The issue of police misbehavior is a limiting factor in this dream of such an ideal police force. Police deviance is a generic description of police officers activities that are inconsistent with the officer’s legal authority, organizational authority and standards of ethical conduct. Who then polices our police or what effective measures have been put in place to curb deviance among the police. The problem of police deviance is seen in the core values of the police and modifying internal review processes would be effective in controlling deviance amongst the police such as allowing civilians interference into the internal review processes of the police force. Following Nelligan and Taylor (1994: 59), who wrote that â€Å"should police work be reorganized, patterns of misconduct are likely to change† The actions of the police officers are controlled by a number of different rules and regulations which are written down in the criminal code and various police acts, some are undocumented and exist in the expectation the police department and society at large dictates for its officers. Police deviance is defined as a behavior that is inconsistent with the norms, values or ethics from either societal standpoint. It has thus been described as a much broader term than corruption. The criminal code, which contains policing rules and precepts regarding the use of deadly force and policing, rules. The police act adds rules governing neglect of duty, insubordination, discreditable conduct dressing .The society also has its own rules not formally stated but socially accepted and expected by citizens from officers such as police-citizen interaction, and maintenance of certain ethical standards. Any action that violates such laws is termed as police deviance. Ross (2003) sees police misbehaviors in two lights i.e. the officer willfully violating the law and the agency tolerating it. Deviance has been placed on the standard of police behavior, which can be derived from 3 perspectives i.e. ethical, organizational and legal. Ethical standards involve the police officers personal standards of moral integrity and responsibility. Organizational standards are the standards published by the police departments, police boards and commissions. Legal standards involve the laws of the community.   How Does Deviance in the Force Arise The Sherman typology distinguishes between levels of corruption that exist at different levels of the police department. The Rotten apple, rotten pocket theory holds that some police officers where deviant before joining the force and upon admission into the force became the deviant ones in the police. The pervasive unorganized theory holds that there are deviant police officers within the force with no specific pattern of organization. While the pervasive organized theory holds that there are deviant police officers with a specific pattern of organization. Whatever the origin of deviance, public safety cannot be assured and much of the deviance is seen due to lack of proper monitoring or effective control of internal systems and as such creates a free environment for the deviant officers to continue in their acts as seen in this story of Arthur McDuffie, an African American, was riding his motorcycle in Miami, when according to police reports; he popped a wheelie, gave a cop the finger, and sped away. More than a dozen Miami patrol cars gave chase. When caught, at least six white officers jumped him, splitting open his skull. He died four days later. It came out at trial that the police fabricated an explanation that he fell; splitting his head, of his own accord, but an all-white jury acquitted the officers. Three days of racial rioting erupted.    REASONS FOR POLICE DEVIANCE The Sherman’s (1974) typology of police deviance attributed 8 factors responsible for police deviance. The large number of police officers thus increasing the number of deviants A lack of direct supervision, especially seen among police patrol where the police superiors or public are unaware of what’s going on. The complex task of policing which incorporates law enforcement, order maintenance and service functions and placing strict limits on the power of the police leading to misconduct. Both the discretionary power of the police and the nature of the work provide police officers with numerous opportunities to partake in deviant behaviors. Contacts formed during the course of work with deviant and criminal subcultures can introduce the officer to deviance Code of secrecy that exists and leads to a cover-up of deviant behavior as well as new recruits been initiated to such a system. Police managers are part of the police subculture, having worked their way up the ranks Police officers have a mentality of being underpaid and undervalued despite improved financial rewards to the police system   Efforts Carried Out Much effort has been put in place to curb police deviance, Much as been attributed due to public society effort such as the story of Rodney King, an African American, who was detected speeding on a Los Angeles freeway, but refused to stop for fear that he could be returned to jail. Over eleven LAPD units, including a helicopter, gave chase. Eventually he stopped but refused to exit the vehicle, he was savagely dragged out, jolted twice with fifty thousand volts, and kicked or beaten with nightsticks at least fifty-six times by four white officers. Rodney suffered sixteen broken bones and permanent brain damage. The tape was then aired on television. The four white officers were initially acquitted of charges by a Simi Valley jury mainly white population. Five days of racial rioting erupted. A federal trial in 1993 then reviewed the case and convicted two of the four officers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As seen above, the public had a great impact in the prosecution of the deviant police officers. The deviance amongst the police in Canada is much less than that of the United States and more so less numerous. Perhaps, Canada’s most famous incident of police deviance occurred in 1974 when a corporal of the RCMP security and intelligence branch injured himself while planting a bomb outside a supermarket executive’s home. The cases of deviant police officers have mainly shown that police deviance most often occurred mainly for the selfish gain of these individuals probably driven by greed, guilt, revenge or lust and made possible by the lack of proper monitoring and a police department that is swift in covering its acts and thus protecting these deviant persons. Policing The Police The question of whether the police should be left alone to carry out is function has long been discredited and it is obvious that there is a need for a monitoring body. The accountability of police officers can be divided into 2 categories namely the internal review process and the external review process. Internal review processes refers to the policies and procedures that exists in individual police department and are enforced through a chain of command and they include internal affairs, discipline boards and command and management supervision. External review procedures relate to agencies that are external to agencies that are external to police organizations which monitor police agencies such as police board, police commission and public inquiry. Civilian Review Bodies A civilian review body involves the creation of a group of civilians to review instances of alleged misconduct by the police. The police have often resisted this intrusion into what they deem their exclusive area of expertise as this civilian oversight compromises the secrecy needed by police departments. According to Rothwell and Baldwin (2007:611) They agree that many officers believe that silence enables them perform their jobs more effectively and also avoids unnecessary public oversight.   Despite this though the civilian review boards have gained widespread growth due also to public demand for accountability and have paid off tremendously. The aim of civilian review board is to provide police accountability and listed below are its objectives. To determine, whether individual complaints against an officer are true and to take appropriate corrective actions To identify patterns of wrong doing by officers who are subject to a number of complains To demonstrate police credibility and responsiveness to the public by showing them grievances are taken seriously. This board is taking the bull by the horn as they form the aggrieved party and thus provide a strong motivation in performing their duty. There are some limitations to the civilian review board as they only have access to the cases that are reported and the help of the internal review process is needed. A reform that allows for the safety public is thus required also putting into consideration the need for police secrecy. Seagrave in her book: â€Å"Introduction to Policing in Canada† lists 5 alternative models for dealing with this police deviance, she describes alternative models such as â€Å"Externally supervised â€Å"in house† model† where the investigation and adjudication of the complaint are undertaken by the police but at the end of the process, the entire procedure is reviewed by an individual external to the police department to ensure fairness in judgment by the police. â€Å"Police investigation with independent adjudication model† in which the investigation is completed by the police, but once completed, the adjudication is in the hands of a body independent of the police. Both models here allow the police process to be monitored. While the police argue that this probably is an intrusion into their secrecy and undermines their capabilities well as claiming that police individuals are well versed with the law and procedures as well as human rights. The public on the other hand understands that the police are also humans and are thus capable of making judgmental errors along with the different moral values shown by various police individuals as depicted a study reported by Terry and Reisig (2003): â€Å"It was found that police officers are significantly more likely to use higher levels of force when suspects are encountered in disadvantaged neighborhoods and those with higher homicide rates, net of situational factors (e.g., suspect resistance) and officer-based determinants (e.g., age, education, and training). Also found is that the effect of the suspect’s race is mediated by neighborhood context.† Also following the rotten apple theory of police deviance, it is probable that some of the deviant police officers are in the force and may have worked their way up to top ranking positions, thus if they are left unsupervised, they pose as the rotten of the police force. By view of reforms to integrate some external p rocesses into internal review processes, public safety can be ensured. Accountability in The police The police are a public enforcement agency allowed to use deadly force. It is thus necessary that accountability measures be put in place. The accountability of the police is based on the premise that the state has a duty to provide a fair and equitable service to the public. The police are accountable to number of different groups such as the politicians, lawyers, general public etc. A police individual can be held accountable for his/her action or the police department can be held accountable for the action of its members. Assessing Accountability How does one therefore assess the accountability of the police? An administrative way takes into consideration the effectiveness and the efficiency. Effectiveness ascertains such things such as crime and arrests rates, number of calls for service, reports etc. while efficiency takes into account how resources are used by the organization Both internal review processes and external review processes are involved in monitoring police accountability, while the internal process monitors internal accountability, the external review processes involves bodies outside the police such as the police boards, public enquiries and police commissions. The external review processes are mainly involved in administration of police and the police laws and are not involved with deviant behaviors. Thus much of the police deviances are handled by the internal board which does not handle these cases well. Summary. Much has been mentioned about police deviance, the internal review process has played its part but is still ineffective and argues that civilians should not be involved with police matters due to invasion of secrecy. It is in view that civilian interference into internal police affairs has helped in instances such as the Rodney King incident to combat deviances in the force. Works Cited Heck WP: Police Who Snitch – Deviant Actors In A Secret Society, Deviant behavior 13 (3): 253-270 JUL-SEP 1992 Klinger DA: Negotiating Order In Patrol Work: An Ecological Theory Of Police Response To Deviance, CRIMINOLOGY 35 (2): 277-306 MAY 1997 Nelligan.P; Taylor.W.Ethical Issues in Community Policing: Journal Of Contemporary Criminal Justice, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 59-66, February 1994. Ross, Darrell L, Book Review: Readings on Police Misconduct and Police Ethics Criminal Justice Review, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 382-395, September 2003 Rothwell.R. Baldwin. J: Whistle-Blowing and the Code of Silence in Police Agencies: Policy and Structural Predictors Crime & Delinquency, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 605-632, October 2007 Terrill W, Reisig MD: Neighborhood context and police use of force journal of research in crime and delinquency 40 (3): 291-321 AUG 2003