Factors Considered in Facility Location

Factors Considered in Facility Location Facility Location is the right location for the manufacturing facility, it will have sufficient access to the customers, workers, transportation, etc. For commercial success, and competitive advantage following are the critical factors: Overall objective of an organization is to satisfy and delight customers with its product and services. Therefore, for an organization it becomes important to have strategy formulated around its manufacturing unit. A manufacturing unit is the place where all inputs such as raw material, equipment, skilled labors, etc. come together and manufacture products for customers. One of the most critical factors determining the success of the manufacturing unit is the location. Facility location is actually a term used in operation management, facility location or location analysis is done so that the better uses of the location can be understood. The company by understanding the materials and production process done nearby the location can save ample time in production process and also save a lot in terms of transportation cost. And also the company can find out optimum position for the location of the company so that all the factors that are needed will be not a long distance from the company. Facility location determination is a critical strategic decision. There are several factors, which determine the location of facility among them competition, cost and corresponding associated effects. Facility location is a scientific process utilizing various techniques. Location Selection Factors For a company which operates in a global environment; cost, available infrastructure, labor skill, government policies and environment are very important factors. A right location provides adequate access to customers, skilled labors, transportation, etc. A right location ensures success of the organization in current global competitive environment. Industrialization A geographic area becomes a focal point for various facility locations based on many factors, parameters and issues. These factors are can be divided into primary factors and secondary factors. A primary factor which leads to industrialization of a particular area for particular manufacturing of products is material, labor and presence of similar manufacturing facilities. Secondary factors are available of credit finance, communication infrastructure and insurance. Errors in Location Selection Facility location is critical for business continuity and success of the organization. So it is important to avoid mistakes while making selection for a location. Errors in selection can be divided into two broad categories behavioral and non-behavioral. Behavioral errors are decision made by executives of the company where personal factors are considered before success of location, for example, movement of personal establishment from hometown to new location facility. Non-behavioral errors include lack of proper investigative practice and analysis, ignoring critical factors and characteristics of the industry. Location Strategy The goal of an organization is customer delight for that it needs access to the customers at minimum possible cost. This is achieved by developing location strategy. Location strategy helps the company in determining product offering, market, demand forecast in different markets, best location to access customers and best manufacturing and service location. Factors Affecting Facility Location If the organization can configure the right location for the manufacturing facility, it will have sufficient access to the customers, workers, transportation, etc. For commercial success, and competitive advantage following are the critical factors: Customer Proximity: Facility locations are selected closer to the customer as to reduce transportation cost and decrease time in reaching the customer. Business Area: Presence of other similar manufacturing units around makes business area conducive for facility establishment. Availability of Skill Labor: Education, experience and skill of available labor are another important, which determines facility location. Free Trade Zone/Agreement: Free-trade zones promote the establishment of manufacturing facility by providing incentives in custom duties and levies. On another hand free trade agreement is among countries providing an incentive to establish business, in particular, country. Suppliers: Continuous and quality supply of the raw materials is another critical factor in determining the location of manufacturing facility. Environmental Policy: In current globalized world pollution, control is very important, therefore understanding of environmental policy for the facility location is another critical factor. Some of the benefits in location analysis include: You get a thorough knowledge of all the factors involved in the production, and ways through which the materials that are needed in the production can easily be accessed. When you do a proper location analysis for your facility you will also come across alternate substitute materials that are readily available and will cost less. You can save a lot on transportation cost for materials, labour, import and export. The materials will be available at a comparatively low cost. The best way to get a task done is by finding out ways through which the task can be done. Location analysis helps you in those aspects. Allows to you differentiate between practical positions to place your facility. Like for example, you cannot build a hazardous facility in a residential area. Gives you access to cheap labour, and needed raw materials like water electricity and many more. Helps in a smooth running of an organization, by seeing to that all that is possibly needed is readily and easily available. Also has very easy access to production, distribution and sale of the products. Allows you to outperform your competitors facilities Once you have found the optimal location then you will very easily overcome all the issues that you are likely to face and have a smooth running of an organization. When you plan accordingly, you will also be prepared to face some minor hindrances. FACILITY LAYOUT For an organization to have an effective and efficient manufacturing unit, it is important that special attention is given to facility layout. Facility layout is an arrangement of different aspects of manufacturing in an appropriate manner as to achieve desired production results. Facility layout considers available space, final product, safety of users and facility and convenience of operations. An effective facility layout ensures that there is a smooth and steady flow of production material, equipment and manpower at minimum cost. Facility layout looks at physical allocation of space for economic activity in the plant. Therefore, main objective of the facility layout planning is to design effective workflow as to make equipment and workers more productive. Facility Layout Objective A model facility layout should be able to provide an ideal relationship between raw material, equipment, manpower and final product at minimal cost under safe and comfortable environment. An efficient and effective facility layout can cover following objectives: To provide optimum space to organize equipment and facilitate movement of goods and to create safe and comfortable work environment. To promote order in production towards a single objective To reduce movement of workers, raw material and equipment To promote safety of plant as well as its workers To facilitate extension or change in the layout to accommodate new product line or technology upgradation To increase production capacity of the organization An organization can achieve the above-mentioned objective by ensuring the following: Better training of the workers and supervisors. Creating awareness about of health hazard and safety standards Optimum utilization of workforce and equipment Encouraging empowerment and reducing administrative and other indirect work Factors affecting Facility Layout Facility layout designing and implementation is influenced by various factors. These factors vary from industry to industry but influence facility layout. These factors are as follows: The design of the facility layout should consider overall objectives set by the organization. Optimum space needs to be allocated for process and technology. A proper safety measure as to avoid mishaps. Overall management policies and future direction of the organization Factors Influencing Location of Industries There are different kinds of industries and each one required different kinds of inputs. Further importance of different inputs varies due to their varying cost or they require in various proportions or ease/difficulty in availability of different inputs or various scale of industrial operation or any such reason. These factors cannot be distributed ubiquitously around the world. The value, bulk, life and care required for different types of produce vary considerably across different type of industries. Similarly different inputs required vary in cost as well as in proportion. Also with changing technology and peoples aspirations the relative importance of these location governing factors changes over time Thus they have different capacity to exert different pull to locate an industry in their favour. Location of Indian Cement Industry Decisions regarding industrial location have a unique place in the fields of industrial management and regional planning because such decisions have long-term implications for the health and well-being of an economy and because they are almost irreversible. Most industries involve huge investments, which generate cash flows over a long period of time and the history testifies that the success of an industry depends significantly upon the appropriateness of its location. Factors Affecting Location Availability of Raw Material The various determinants of the optimum location of a particular industry play varying role in the location of different industries. In the cement industry, availability of raw material and fuel, and transport cost are more significant than the other factors because cement is a weight losing and bulky product. Its weight losing nature argues for location near raw materials while bulkiness favours location near the market. Since Webers (1929) material index (ratio of localized material to output) is more than 1.5 for cement, the net effect of these two factors favours nearness of raw-materials. As a result cement factories are, in fact, located in close proximity to the sources of raw materials. Most cement manufacturing units are established within a radius of 15 to 20 kilometers of limestone deposits. The raw materials required for cement are limestone, clay, and gypsum. Although limestone deposits and clay are available in fairly large quantities all over the country, proximity of railhead is essential for reducing the transportation cost. The availability of gypsum may not affect location for its requirement is only about four per cent. Cement, in most plants in India, is manufactured through the wet process and thus large quantities of water are needed. However, as water is available in good quantities throughout our country, this does not affect location. The only important consideration seems to be the availability of coal since diesel, the alternative source of fuel, is considerably more expensive. The availability of coal pulls the industry towards Bengal and Bihar and, to some extent, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh. Regional Demand and Supply The region-wise demand for, and capacity and production of cement in India in 1971, the latest year for which data are available, are presented in Table 1. They indicate that demand is in excess of supply in the Eastern and the Northern regions, while quite the reverse is true for the Western and the Southern regions. An examination of the past data indicated that this trend has been prevailing for long. Thus, the market criterion alone would argue for expansion of cement industry in the Eastern and the Northern regions and for its contraction in Western and Southern regions. Managements Interest The choice of location of a new factory to a certain extent depends on the managements interest in a particular region. If the management has country-wide industrial interest, perhaps this factor would not merit attention in location studies. However, if the management has regional or local industrial interest this factor becomes a decisive one. Both these kinds of managements interest are found in the Indian cement industry. On the one hand, we have Associated Cement Companies Ltd. (ACC) and Dalmia Cement (India) Ltd., whose intersts are country-wide. On the other hand, there are cement firms run by state governments, such as Andhra Cement, Madras Cement, and Orissa Cement, whose interests are limited to its development within their own territories. Since South India possesses more regional entrepreneurs willing to float cement factories at present, the Southern region continues to have more cement factories than other regions. Government Policy For quarrying of limestone, the cement industry has necessarily to depend on the government for lease terms. Besides, encouragement and facilities or discouragement and hindrance from government do exert their influence on location. In the early days, the then princely states encouraged the expansion of the cement industry in their territories. Thus, out of eleven factories existing in 1936 at the time of formation of ACC, as many as five factories were in princely states and in case of one, viz., the Punjab, the Provincial Government was directly interested in capital and management. Recently, the governments have evinced keener interest in developing the cement industry in industrially Cotton Textile Industry Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industry in the world. Since textiles are one of the basic needs of every person there is always sufficient demand for it. Cotton textile industry requires raw cotton, cheap and large labour pool(automation has reduced its importance in some areas), power, good transport, humid climate (large plant may maintains it artificially) capital, market, etc. Cotton is regarded as nearly pure raw material since it looses very little weight in processing and it is very easy to transport raw cotton and cotton textile with nearly similar cheap rates. Thus the pressure of raw material as seen in the case of iron and steel industry is absent here. Thus other locational factors particularly transport, labour, power and market become important. With good transport facility it can be established anywhere but where power supply present. Development of electricity has reduced its dependency on the source of power supply and automation has diluted the need of skilled large labour pool requirement. Now the considerations of market to link the industry effectively with the consumer and employment generating capacity of this industry are becoming more significant in locating this industry. Initially it was in the form of scattered small and cottage industry but latter with the development of spinning and weaving machinery in England it started getting importance as a large regular industry. Britain was first to had a quick enlargement in production pattern of cotton textile industry with home invented machinery. Due to durability, fineness, uniformity and above all cheapness of produce Britain got prominent position in cotton textile sector of the world by giving local small scale Industries very very tough competition. Iron and Steel Industry Iron and steel is one of the most basic industry since it is a close input to many other types of industries. But the pattern of demand and technological changeshas brought some interesting locational shift in this industry. In early days when the iron smelting technology started getting industrial importance in Europe the demand was low and mostly of local nature. At this juncture charcoal obtained from forest wood was used with lime to make sponge iron. Abundant forest was present everywhere and so small plants were located locally near the forest. This led to dispersion of this industry up to midi eighteenth century. During this time the use of coal in iron smelting gradually started maturing. Attraction to coalfield regions was also governed by then available technology and demand. Forest area started shrinking (about one acre of forest log required to smelt five tone iron) demand for iron increased considerably due to starting of heavy engineering works, required iron ore to coal ratio was 1/8, coal producing regions already had some iron work history and pool of labour required, at some places iron ore was found associated with coal and like factors, all resulted into the establishment and shift of iron industry in coalfield areas. The development of the Appalachian region of North America, Liege in Belgium, the South Wales and the Sheffield region of England, etc. are good examples of attraction of coalfield to iron and steel industry. Since late eighteenth to the end of nineteenth century Coal field enjoyed its position and witnessed heavy development of iron and steel and related industrial agglomeration. During this period it has developed sufficient industrial inertia at many places and thus survived successfully even in twentieth century. But not all coalfields witnessed similar developments Those located in remote areas, sparsely populated area and poorly developed area were remained engaged in exporting coal at cheaper rates. This helped in setting of industries also at coastal locations where iron made with imported raw materials are available for export. Japanese plants and to some extent Vishakhapatnam plant of India belong to this category. In last fifty to hundred years the role of market also become significant. A big market helped in setting large integrated steel plant and in providing scrap iron as raw material to reduce transportation cost. So they also attracted iron and steel plant near to them. Since iron and steel is regarded as one of the most basic industry as an indicator of industrial development of a region and so many region hitherto undeveloped and have some capacity are aspiring for it. Here government policies play very deciding role as seen in the case of the development of iron and steel industries in the Chotanagpur plateau of India which also has many other advantages. Thus location of iron and steel industry in the world has responded effectively to the changing nature of different factors of industrial locations.

Marketing strategy of walkers crisps

Marketing strategy of walkers crisps Walkers is the UKs favorite crisps brand. Founded in 1948, butcher Henry Walker began making crisps in his Leicester Plant to keep his workers busy, as meat was scarce in post-war Britain. Today, Walkers is Britains largest crisp manufacturer, employing thousands of people in seven locations. Walkers have 16 ranges of crisps and snacks including Walkers Sensations, Doritos and Quavers. Still based in Leicester, Walkers joined the PepsiCo family in 1989 and makes around 10 million bags of crisps a day. Walkers is worth around  £436 million, and Walkers snacks are enjoyed by over 10 million people in the UK every day. In 2007, Walkers became the first company in the world to display a carbon reduction logo on a consumer product. The label covers the carbon used from seed to store and through to product disposal. Working with the Carbon Trust, Walkers reduced energy use per kilo by one third, and water use per kilo by 45%. Walkers have also committed to further year on year reductions to continue to qualify for the label. As part of their efforts to reduce our carbon emissions by reducing our road miles, they switched to using 100% British potatoes for Walkers crisps in July 2007. Introduction to Task 1 This task is regarding marketing strategy options for walker, the requirements from task is to identify the type of growth for walkers which is most relevant to the company and provide justification for that. And then provide two marketing strategy options for walkers and explain how these options can be used to achieve the competitive advantages and long term growth. What is a marketing strategy Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable  competitive advantage. A marketing strategy should be centered on the key concept that  customer satisfaction  is the main goal. [1] There are three steps in formulating a marketing strategy Step 1: Identification of growth opportunities Step 2: Consider developing Porters generic strategies Step 3: Draw up marketing options While assessing the growth opportunities some points which needs to be focused are Planning a new business, Downsizing or terminating the old ones which are no longer profitable, and the ratio between the desired sales and projected sales. As per requirement of this task the discussion will be only limited to the step 1, which is the identification of growth opportunities for Walkers. Type of growth for Walkers As looking at the current business, market share and market opportunities it indicates that for walkers the growth type is Intensive Growth. Intensive Growth is related to the growth when an organization want to enhance their current business and try to identify opportunities to achieve further growth within the current business. The above given diagram was produced by Ansoff which is a useful framework for companies management looking for the new opportunities to increase their sales and profits. As it show that it has four marketing strategies Two marketing strategy options for Walkers By looking into the current market position Walkers and the revenue they generate each year throughout the United Kingdom market, I will suggest Walkers the following two marketing strategies. Market Penetration Strategy Market Development Strategy Market Penetration Strategy The first strategy each and every company is looking for is to adopt for increasing their sales and revenue is the market penetration strategy. Market Penetration Strategy is the marketing efforts of the company to offer their existing products and services within the current market. The best way to do this is to attract competitors customers and looking for potential customers in the existing market for existing products. As Walkers have the opportunity to use market penetration strategy for their different brands in UK, and also abroad. Before going for marketing penetration strategy proper analysis of competitors in market is required what are their strengths and in which areas they are lacking in providing good services to customers, what are the core competencies for Walkers against all those who are already in the market, and then develop a plan to address those areas which need to be, and try to capture more and more customers of other competitors and also become an attracting brand symbol for new customers in the market of crisps. Market Development Strategy Developing a new market for the existing company product is called market development strategy. In this activity efforts are put on to find new markets and make new customers to increase company revenue and profit. Walkers has the opportunity to develop markets oh geographical such as cities, counties, and demographical such as on basis of sex, age group and class etc. Walkers have the opportunities to develop new markets for its product throughout the United Kingdom, and also in other potential areas globally. Through market penetration strategy they can give good packages to their customers in order to encourage current customers to buy more, the second and important factor in this strategy is that to attract competitors customer by providing them good packages to buy Walkers product and attract all those customers who are new to this market and increase the number of customers. Justification for Marketing Strategies Choices As Walkers Crisps is a UK brand with a 47% share of the British crisp market. And 12 different types of crisps products, which shows that almost half of the UK crisps market is captured by Walkers, and they have a very good and popular brand name, thats why in this assignment the two marketing strategies Market Penetration Strategy and Market Development Strategy for the purpose of marketing are recommended to Walkers. They can launch their product in new markets to attract their competitor customers and all those who are new to the crisps market, because of having good will of Walkers and good market share in the country markets, Walkers will definitely get succeed in attracting new customers and their competitors customers. The second proposed strategy for Walkers (Market Development Strategy) will enable Walkers to introduce their products into new markets with their current products. Although Walkers have about half of the market share captured in UK crisps market but definitely there will be some potential areas where they dont have given the required focus in past, or address those markets where they have low sales as compared to their competitors, so this strategy will help walkers to properly analyze the new market areas and launch their products under the well known brand name of Walkers to achieve maximum benefits for the company. Introduction to Task 2 For every product in market the PESTEL analysis is very important as it is a main part of the marketing strategy development, so the requirement from this task is to carry out PESTEL analysis for Walkers, and then provide enough information and asses how technological change and globalization for the companys market planning in the next 3 years. What is PESTEL Analysis PESTLE stands for P: Political E: Economic S: Sociological T: Technological L: Legal E: Environmental.   PESTLE analysis is in effect an audit of an organizations environmental influences with the purpose of using this information to guide strategic decision-making. The assumption is that if the organization is able to audit its current environment and assess potential changes, it will be better placed than its competitors to respond to changes. Importance of PESTEL Analysis To help make decisions and to plan for future events, organizations need to understand the wider meso-economic and macro-economic environments in which they operate. (The meso-economic environment is the one in which we operate and have limited influence or impact, the macro-environment includes all factors that influence an organization but are out of its direct control). An organization on its own cannot affect these factors, nor can these factors directly affect the profitability of an organization. But by understanding these environments, it is possible to take the advantage to maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats to the organization. Conducting a strategic analysis entails scanning these economic environments to detect and understand the broad, long term trends.   A PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding the big picture of the environment in which an organization is operating. Specifically a PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding risks associated with market (the need for a product or service) growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for an individual business or organization.   A PESTLE analysis is often used as a generic orientation tool, finding out where an organization or product is in the context of what is happening outside that will at some point affect what is happening inside an organization. The six elements form a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company, a marketing proposition, or idea.   Completing a PESTLE analysis can be a simple or complex process. It all depends how thorough you need to be. It is a good subject for workshop sessions, as undertaking this activity with only one perspective (that is, from just one persons view) can be time consuming and miss many critical factors. We all see things differently and harnessing the knowledge of several people will ensure the process is robust and meaningful. PESTEL Analysis for Walkers Following is the PESTEL analysis of Walkers in UK, keeping in mind the market share, growth and opportunities available in UK crisps market. Political: what is happening politically in the environment in which you operate, including areas such as tax policy, employment laws, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and reform, tariffs and political stability. As the political system in the UK is one of the most stable democratic systems, so Walker will be having no problems regarding the country political system. The taxations, employment laws and environmental regulations in UK have proper system to introduce so thats not an immediate treat, but the Walkers have to look into current recession which is effecting almost all organizations in the world. Economic: what is happening within the economy, for example; economic growth/ decline, interest rates, exchange rates and inflation rate, wage rates, minimum wage, working hours, unemployment (local and national), credit availability, cost of living, etc. the current economic conditions have effected most of the organizations throughout the world, so before launching any new marketing campaign it is necessary for Walkers to have proper analysis of the available resources for campaign and what will be the after effects of that. Sociological: what is occurring socially in the markets in which you operate or expect to operate, cultural norms and expectations, health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes, emphasis on safety, global warming. As Walkers is so much focused on these issues, they have invested millions pound to improve the health related issues in their products. Technological: what is happening technology-wise which can impact what you do, technology is leaping every two years, how will this impact your products or services, things that were not possible five years ago are now mainstream, for example mobile phone technology, web 2.0, blogs, social networking websites. New technologies are continually being developed and the rate of change itself is increasing. There are also changes to barriers to entry in given markets, and changes to financial decisions like outsourcing and in sourcing. So Walkers need to keep updating on their technological side to ensure their parallel walk with the fast driven technological world. Legal: what is happening with changes to legislation. This may impact employment, access to materials, quotas, resources, imports/ exports, taxation etc. As described earlier that to bring changes in legal system in country there is a fair and smooth process, so Walkers dont need to be worried about it. Environmental: what is happening with respect to ecological and environmental aspects. Many of these factors will be economic or social in nature. So Walkers need to develop environment friendly product and use such fuels in the manufacturing plants which produce min environmental pollution and dont harm the health of the workers. Impact of Technological Change In modern world the technology evolve very quickly and each and every day there is some new innovation in the way organizations use the technology in order to enhance their operations and perform the daily activates in good and quick way. The business world has revolutionized almost beyond recognition in the past few decades. Technology and we mean the advances in communication and information technology has changed the face and the pace of business. As communication and information travels faster and faster, the world seems smaller and smaller, and this has large implications for the way we conduct business. Storing important in files on a computer  rather than in drawers, for instance, has made information easily accessible. Using  e-mail  allows businesses to communicate and send these files quickly to remote locations outside of an office. The impacts of technological change for Walkers in next 3 years will the following General changes to technology Communicating Consumers in control Technology has bring a revolutionary changes to the way of marketing, after the evaluation of internet most of the business are now not limited to shop-based shopping, but the concept of virtual business is introduced. The fast communication among the business units and storage of large scale of data easily, and accessibility of data at finger tips are the main advantages of using technology. Technology makes it easy for consumers to find information that they are looking for they are now in control of what they are getting from businesses. With the internet, it is simple for consumers to get online and find a great deal or the same product that you are selling, but one of higher quality for the same price. The internet has created a world of choices for the consumer to use, which means they can make demands on what type of product or service you are offering. What you need to do is to change your product or service and what you are delivering to ensure that your consumers are getting the best deal possible, but that they are also getting the best service and the best value when compared to other companies. Impact of Globalization Globalization has caused dramatic changes to business practices around the world. Companies such as IBM, Intel, Microsoft, and Philips have started to outsource specialists from various parts of the world, causing job shifts and changes in companies structures (Engardio, Bernstein, and Kripalani, 2003). Globalization is an interesting phenomenon since it is obvious that the world has been going through this process of change towards increasing economic, financial, social, cultural, political, market, and environmental interdependence among nations. Virtually, everyone is affected by this process. Given these changes, globalization brings about a borderless world (Eden and Lenway, 2001; Ohmae, 1989a). Globalization drives people to change their ways of living. So to complete in the globalized world Walkers management need to think out of the box and develop their marketing strategy in way which fulfills the needs of all the global stakeholders, and all products and information must be available globally. For that they may need to outsource their business operations may be to some firms in countries other than in where Walkers is in operation. Conclusion and Recommendations Walkers have very good market in UK, providing their customers good crispy products having twelve brands of snacks and crisps. They have captured forty three percent of UK market; have very good marketing strategy like having a former England football team captain as Walkers brand ambassador. But they have very potential growth opportunities which will need to be availed by having improved marketing strategy and addressing the hidden markets to penetrate in those areas, and also try to attract new customers into market, also the customers of their competitors. Also they need to keep updating on their system and technologies both for information sharing, marketing and product preparation to have improved quality of products and achieve the organizational goals and objectives.

The Truth of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

The Truth of Huck Finn Throughout the classic novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain continuously and loosely uses the word "nigger." In the society of the year 2002 that word has become one of the most evil and hated in the English language. It is thought of as so bad that it is rarely even spoken, as people prefer to be politically correct and say "n-word" in it's place. The use of this word has caused the book to be banned and censored by many schools across the country, as people want to shield children from the supposed racism of the novel. It was found to be the fifth most challenged book of the 1990's. This word is definitely terrible and has no place in the current society, but it is important to examine Twain's motive behind the inclusion of this word in the story. The book should not be dismissed as cruel and racist before all of the facts are examined. Before forming a wrong opinion, the evolution of the word and the reasons behind it's use in the novel should be exami ned. After learning all of the facts, the use of the word in the book shouldn't be looked as evil, but as a reminder of how far society has come. This novel was written in a time very different from today. It was first published in 1884 and is set some years before in the early 1800's. At this time slavery was common practice in the southern part of the United States. People grew up believing there was nothing wrong with it. People in this time spoke almost identically to the language presented in the book, including referring to African-Americans as "niggers." Twain explains the dialects he was trying to present before the story even begins. In an explanatory he says he was using "the extremist form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect" and "the ordinary Pike County dialect." Both of these types of speech would have included this word. Twain did not use this word to be derogatory toward black people but for the story to remain authentic. The appearance of the word in this book should be looked at as a reminder of a bad time in history.

Sisyphus: Life?s True Meaning :: essays research papers

Sisyphus, one of the biggest tricksters of all time lived like what seems as a seemingly short life, he was pursued by many Gods wanting to punish him for some trick or prank that he had pulled, but they never got him, finally Hermes captured him though and put him under the control of Hades. He lived life well though apparently taking the title as the King of Corinth, which to some he was the founder, and to others it was handed down to him by Medea. Their are many tales though, where he is clever, as he is described in Homer’s Odyssey. One tells how he came up with a way to find out who was stealing his sheep, he put a mark on them, in modern times known as a brand but, while he was retrieving his sheep he seduced Anticlia, which then became the mother of Odysseus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other tales of him attacking and murdering travelers. Although all these stories are out there, there are also stories of a family man, stories about him, his brother Athamas, his wife Merope, his two sons Odysseus and Glaucus, and his parents Aeolus and Enarete. There are other things he achieved besides trickery. He was said to have founded the Isthmian Games, in honor of Melicertes, whose dying body he found on the shore of Corinth. Sisyphus was also very crafty, as Homer described him to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Once when Zeus sent out Thanatos to punish him for revealing one of Zeus’s love affairs, Sisyphus managed to capture Thanatos and bind him in chains. Zeus then had to send Ares to release Thanatos because he is the God of Death and no one was dying while he was bound. Knowing that Thanatos would come back for him he told his wife not to bury his body, then when he died he begged Hades to allow him to go back to earth and punish his wife for not burring him, He then refused to return to Hades.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here is where Hermes comes in, he captured Sisyphus and put him under the power of Hades, where he has to roll a heavy rock to the top of a hill, and every time he almost gets to the top of the hill , the rock’s weight pushes him back to the bottom and he starts all over again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  That was the mythology, now from a physiological point of view. Although, Sisyphus is forced to roll a heavy rock up a hill for eternity, it is said that he is happy.

Female Power, Maternity and Genderbending in Shakespeares Antony and C

Female Power, Maternity and Genderbending in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra The 19th century essayist and literary critic William Hazlitt wrote of Cleopatra, "She is voluptuous, ostentatious, conscious, boastful of her charms, haughty, tyrannical, [and] fickle," which are "great and unpardonable faults" (Hazlitt 2-3). Much of the criticism of Antony and Cleopatra has recycled this judgement, depicting Cleopatra as a villainess uses her eroticism and sexuality to motivate Antony to seek power. Cleopatra is memorable for her propensity for violence as well. While Antony and Cleopatra was written after the death of a violent English queen, Elizabeth I, Shakespeare may have been faced with a dramatic dilemma: how to make a woman seem believably violent and intimidating on the stage. Coppà ©lia Kahn notes that Cleopatra was "Rome's most dangerous enemy" (111),i but how does one make the Queen of the Nile seem like such a threat during a time when women had little social and political power. Shakespeare does several things to accomplish this task: 1) he loca tes Cleopatra's power in a foreign or supernatural realm; 2) he inverts her gender role with that of Antony; 3) he suppresses her maternal qualities; and 4) he allows her to be redeemed only in death. Indeed, it is the only way to handle a difficult woman on the Jacobean stage. Locating Codes of Female Power In Antony and Cleopatra, the Roman values of honor and bravery embody masculinity, while Egypt and the Orient symbolize feminine weakness and fragility. Caesar and Agrippa are depicted as reasonable, logical, and practical, especially in matters of strategy and war. Cleopatra and her servants and eunuchs are consistently referred to in terms of laziness, let... ...ication of her superior intelligence. She understands that, should she live, she will be taken to Rome and will suffer the humiliation of seeing "some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness / I' th' posture of a whore" (V, ii, 216-217). iv In addition, Cleopatra has demonstrated her readiness in the past to ruin Egypt for Antony's sake. Without blinking, she considers "unpeopling" her country in order to send a new messenger to Antony in Rome every day. To mirror Antony's "Let Rome in Tiber sink," Cleopatra says, "Let Egypt in Nile melt." v Of course, her actions indicate that, as a Roman wife, her entire existence must center on Antony only, which means a rejection of anything else, including her earthly children ("What should I stay--"). The point is to emphasize her selfishness and her absolute focus on Antony, a constant of the queen's personality.

How to Communicate Effectively

The topics we have discussed this week relates to the video in ways that demonstrate how to communicate effectively and keep the focus of the audience on what the writer or the speaker is talking about. It teaches how to become a talented speaker and how to line up thoughts in the right perspective to gain trustworthiness from the particular audience that is welcomed by the subject chosen to speak about.This video was design to give everyone who watched it an idea of how to motivate himself s a public speaker. It gives ideas on how to enhance the power of the abilities a public speaker has on influencing people that are listening and it gives inspiration to those who the message touch in a special way. These are things in which we have discussed and relate largely on the speakers' ability on how well these tips are used to impact the ears of the listener. The most relevant practice in the video to me is the one that provides insight on how to win over the audience.First a speaker mus t hose a topic that the people want to hear about rather than picking something that appeases him. To get the crowd involved the speaker should ask questions that will allow the audience to think about the message that is being conveyed to produce a desire to continue learning more about the topic. One to attract the audience when publicly speaking is the ability of knowing what to wear to attract the attention of the crowd. I believe that the combination of dress wear and appearance of the speaker plays a major role in acquiring the attention of the audience.My advice about delivering an effective speech begins with attracting your audience. A speaker can capture the audience attention by taking advantage of the audience by giving them what they want. The speaker should do the homework and research needed to provide accurate and dependable information to prove his findings on any given topic he decides to speak about. Accuracy will help influence the listeners and persuade them int o hearing the speaker deliver the entire message. How to Communicate Effectively Good evening everybody, I hope you enjoy my speech. My topic today is communication. My speech is titled â€Å"How to communicate effectively. † Because I am a poor communicator, especially to communicate in English. Today my purpose is to hope you all can become effective communicators. Let's discuss effective communication techniques. Getting your pointacross and letting people know how you feel is very important. Sometimes bad decisions are made and people come to the wrong conclusions because of poor communication. Therefore, good communication can help you succeed in life. Here's some advice on how to communicate effecively. First, communication is transmitting a message. Communication is a process of sharing information. It's the exchange of thoughts or ideas. Communication is a powerful tool. It's getting a message across. It's also receiving facts or inofrmation. Effective communication skills are essential. Effective communication leads to success. Good communicators are always in high deamand. Why good communicators are in high deamand, because many employers are willing to pay big salaries to good communicators. Second, the key to communication is clarity. We should always make communication clear and direct. We should never be fancy or verbose. Always keep the message simple. Keep it specific and to the point. Keep it very easy to understand. Say only what's important. Say what's relevant and practical. Keep your message detailed but brief. Third, the goal of communication is understanding. The message must be understood. The audience must comprehend. To do that , you need to know your audience. You must know your listerner's background. You must tailor your message and style to suit them. Choose your words carefully. Remember â€Å"less is more. Sometimes, less of something is much better. Remember â€Å"quality is more important than quantity. † Finally, follow these tips to communicate like a pro! Practice every chance you get. Practice is the key to learning. Good communicators repeat the main message to make it more understandable. They reinforce the meaning through repetition. They always ask for feedback to make sure and reconfirm to themselves that they wre understood. They repeat the main idea to make it more understandable. Good communicators also use body language. Every society has a unique physical language. I's important that you're aware of this. Most people use nonverval communication. Most of the time it's subconscious. Good communicators use hand gestures and emotional expressions. They use various speaking tones to get attention. Body language expresses what's really going on. You can learn a lot about a person. Just observe themany sinals they're sending you. The arms and legs are a telling source. We must be familiar with basic body language. In conclusion, organize your thoughts before you speak. Think twice before you open your mouth. Always keep the message simple and clear. Say what you mean and mean what you say. Never lie and never mislead anyone. Say it with style, confidence and enthusiasm. Make sure your're understonnd. Make sure you practice a lot and rehearse. You'll soon be anefficient communicator. In fact, to say is one thing to do is another. It's easy to say but uneasy to work. As you know I am a bad communicator, especially in English to commuicate. All of my friends and family member didn't know what I was saying. All the feedback I have are â€Å"Please say that again. I'm a little confused. Or I hope you can explain it more clearly to me. † How poor I am. That's why I think good communication is very important. Hope everyone become effective communicators.

Study Into Respiratory Infection Reduction Health And Social Care Essay

Summary OF THE STUDYThe chief purpose of the survey was to measure whether there was a decrease in the marks and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection and alterations in behavioural responses of the kids who received steam inspiration compared to kids who did non have steam inspiration. The conceptual frame work of the survey was a nursing procedure theoretical account based on the Dorothy Johnson ‘s behaviour system theoretical account. The independent variable of the survey was steam inspiration therapy with Tulsi and the dependent variables were symptoms and behavioural responses of kids. The survey was conducted in a small town with the population of about 1913. The people in the community are of two groups based on caste Harijans and Grounders shacking on southern and northern portion of the community severally. A convenient sampling of 25 kids from each group was selected. Demographic information and information on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses were collected from both the groups utilizing an experimental checklist and structured interview agenda. For the experimental group steam inspiration with Tulsi was administered for 10 yearss prior to each disposal steam inspiration on every twenty-four hours and after disposal the grade of AURI utilizing experimental checklist and informations on behavioural responses was assessed daily by self study from the female parent during the period of 11 yearss. The control group continued to utilize the application of Vicks and milk with Piper nigrum and Curcuma longa. Data on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses was collected as for the experimental group. The informations were analyzed utilizing descriptive and illative statistics.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:Demographic informationsIn experimental group, bulk of the samples 60 % were in the age group of 13 – 24 female parents and in control group 60 % of the samples were in the age group of 6 – 12 female parent, Majority of the samples in experimental group 52 % and 60 % in control group were females. 48 % of the samples in experimental group and 44 % of the samples in control group were male. All the samples 100 % in both the groups were immunized. In the experimental group 48 % of the samples and 44 % in control group had primary degree of instruction 32 % of the samples in experimental group and 36 % in control group had secondary degree of instruction 20 % of the samples in both the group were illiterate. Majority of the samples 64 % in experimental group and 52 % in control group had the income of Rs. 2001 – 3000 per month and 36 % of the samples in experimental group and 48 % of the samples in control group had the income of Rs. 3001- 4000 per month.Signs and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infectionThe marks observed were fluid nose, sneezing, lacrimation of eyes, pink and glistening mucous membrane of nose, presence of crusts on the olfactory organ, febrility, cough, ruddy and conceited pharynx. The acute upper respiratory infection was assessed in three degree – no infection, mild infection and moderate infection. Before intercession, 60 % of the samples had mild grade of infection in experimental group. In control group 84 % of the samples had mild grade of infection and 16 % of the samples had moderate grade of infection. In experimental group on 11th twenty-four hours after intercession all 100 % of the samples had no infection. In the control group 84 % of samples had mild degree infection and 12 % had moderate grade of infection on 11th twenty-four hours. The average mark of grade of infection in experimental group should hold a important decrease after the steam inspiration therapy on 11th twenty-four hours.Behavioral responses of experimental and control groupThe behavioural responses of kids with acute upper respiratory infection were assessed under 2 classs such as physical activity and societal activity in three degrees [ inactive, moderate, and extremely active ] . The behavioural responses assessed were calls of the kid, sleep, jobs in eating, respond to tickle, involvement to play with playthings, smiling, response of the kid when called by name running about, want to be carried by female parent ever, involvement in playing with other kids. Before intercession in the experimental group bulk 69 % of the samples was physically and socially in active, 40 % were samples reasonably active and in control group 50 % of the samples were physically and socially in active and 50 % of the samples were reasonably active. None of the samples in both the group were active. On 11th twenty-four hours in experimental group all the samples 100 % were extremely active and control group 66 % of the samples were in active and 34 % were reasonably active. In the experimental group the mean mark was 0.00 which was less compared to the control group. This shows the consequence of steam inspiration therapy that improves the behavioural responses of kids with acute upper respiratory infection.Significant Findingss:There was a important difference in average mark of grade of acute upper respiratory infection of experimental group ( t=21.88, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, df-48 ) compared to command group. Hence, the research hypothesis H1was accepted at 0.05 degree of significance. There was a important difference in the average behavioural responses score between the experimental and control group ( t=39.44, df-48, p & A ; lt ; 0.05 % ) . Hence, the research hypothesis H2 was accepted at 0.05 degree of significance. There was no important association between the demographic variables and grade of acute respiratory infection.DecisionThe grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses is same for both the group before intercession. But, after intercession there was important decrease in experimental group for all mark and symptoms of acute upper respiratory infection where in control group there was no important decrease. There was a important betterment in the behavioural responses in experimental group after intercession and in control group there was no such betterment in the behavioural responses.DeductionNursing PracticeSteam inspiration therapy with Tulsi foliages had an consequence on grade of acute upper respiratory infection and behavioural responses in kids. Nurses as wellness professionals have the double duty of being wellness attention suppliers every bit good as wellness pedagogues. The determination of the survey indicate that all the heath squad members particularly the nurse who works in the community should be cognizant about the effectivity of steam inspiration therapy with Tulsi on acute upper respiratory infection and educate the people to utilize this low cost natural merchandise. Peoples belonging to all strata of society must be encouraged to utilize of Tulsi foliages by making consciousness about the help ability, low cost and efficiency of this natural merchandise to diminish the grade of acute upper respiratory infection.Nursing EducationThe findings of the survey stress the consequence of steam inspiration with Tulsi foliages on cut downing the grade of acute upper respiratory infection and the betterment in behavioural responses of kids. This information can be included in the nursing course of study in order to better the wellness position and forestall the complications of respiratory infection in the community.Nursing Administration:The consequ ence showed steam inspiration with Tulsi leaves diminish the grade of acute upper respiratory infection. The nurse as an decision maker should be after and form go oning nursing instruction programmes which are good to the people in the community planning and organisation of such programmes require efficient squad work, be aftering the work force, money, stuff and clip to carry on successful instruction and clip to carry on successful instruction programmes.Nursing ResearchThis is merely initial probe to measure the effectivity of steam inspiration with Tulsi on acute upper respiratory infection. There is a demand for intensive research in the country of nursing to render missive service non merely in the infirmary but besides in the community.RecommendationA similar survey can be replicated on a layer population covering an extended community. A survey can be conducted in other countries of Coimbatore metropolis. A similar survey can be conducted in infirmary scene for patient with acute upper respiratory infection. A comparative survey can be conducted between rural and urban scenes. A comparative survey can be conducted between male and female kids with acute upper respiratory infection.