Laid-Back Parenting Essay Example for Free

Laid-Back Parenting EssayErin Zammett Ruddy wrote the article The New Laid-Back Parenting where she identifies whether a stir can exercise laid- keystone proveing efficiently in a hover-parenting culture and not take it to the extent of neglect. Practicing relaxed parenting has its challenges where it is tempting for the parent to snap back into an overly involved mode. Some people who do not exercising the laid-back parenting method may fr birth upon it. The originator presents an interesting perspective on how the use of a less hovering approach to parenting allows a child to be independent, confident and resourceful individuals in the future. The New Laid-Back Parenting article demonstrates that over-involved parenting can impart a negative influence, later on in a childs life. Hence, the child is not able to handle certain situations on their own without the help of their parents trying to do everything for them. Subsequently, the child is completely dependent on their parents for decision making and other issues. This is in contrast to the laid-back parenting approach where it encourages a child to think and do things independently, to a certain extent. The article explains how a parent can live a proportionatenessd lifestyle which involves being a parent, spouse and enjoying leisure at the same time. Also, the article gives an illustration of when the use of laid-back parenting has gone too far by the parent. Given these points, the author seems in favor of laid-back parenting as being the nearly fit, when raising a child.Early on in the article, the author provides quotes from historian Pamela Haag Ph.D. Haag states, that parenting, Its something you do intensively, rather than a status you have (Ruddy, 2013). This source is reputablebecause it is coming from someone who has their PhD in cultural history, who most likely spends years studying the role of a parent in various cultures. This statement relates to the authors topic and serves as a support to the argument which makes it relevant and consistent with the article. Another fact that the author mentions is, Indeed, a new study at the University of Mary Washington found that over-involved parenting, which can extend well into young adulthood, may even be disconfirming long-term(Ruddy,2013). The source that the author uses is credible due to the fact that the study was done at the Washington University. However, if the author had included a few more Universities that have conducted the same study and arrived at a similar conclusion that hovering parenting results in negative effects on a childs life, it would develop more proof for the article. Moreover, the author provides the evidence that over-involved parenting is least effective when raising a child. Overall, the authors use of facts re-enforces and supports the article stance on laid-back parenting.An opinion is clearly stated, when the author explains that Parent is a verb rather than a noun today(Ruddy,20 13) This opinion enforces the idea and function of what parenting is by emphasizing and comparing the role of parenting in the authors point of view. The explanation gives support that parenting is a responsibility. Also, Less parenting means more you time is an outlook the author uses to convey a balance life of being a parent. Still, it seems as if the author uses laid-back parenting as a convenient way to do other things, other than being a parent. Thus, the author appears to be somewhat selfish in her thoughts. Nevertheless, the opinion is supported by how less hovering results in more time to do other activities in her life. Also, the points of view provided by parents who practice laid-back parenting functions as an opinion and provide support for the article. However, this seems bias because the author did not include the views of parents who do not practice laid-back parenting. In all, the author expresses her view points and how beneficial it is to promote less over-involve d parenting.In conclusion, the author relates her idea of parenting and lean towards laid-back parenting as being the most effective method when raising a child.The author believes that this type of parenting will have a positive impact on children as they progress into adulthood. A Less hovering parenting style results into sheer benefits for both the parent and child. As a result parents have more time to incorporate other activities in their lives while the child is learning to face life challenges independently and efficiently.ReferenceRUDDY, E. (2013). THE NEW LAID-BACK PARENTING. Parenting School Years, 27(6), 47-48

Responsibilities of Human Resource Management in Microsoft Corporation

Responsibilities of Human Resource Management in Microsoft CorporationMicrosoft Corporation is a companion located in USA that manufactures, develops and supports a wide variety of products and work in the computing sector. The products and services of the connection include computer software, consumer electronic, hardware, IT consulting, etc. The club established in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, excelled in developing the ope rate strategys for the computers. In 1984 they released the Microsoft windows version jointly with IBM. The accompany considers Human Resources as its asset and is keen on attracting and retaining talented manpower and managing them efficiently by making informed decisions. The company has around 93,000 employees and they manage the employees strategically.Maintaining a sound effect appraisal system in the company is the most difficult and most important part of Human Resource Management in the company (Coutts and Schneider, 2004). The capital puni shment of the employs in the organization is tracked and their recreate is observed by the supervisors and effective feedback is given at appropriate times. The capital punishment appraisal process in the company is carried out after the superiors and subordinates come together to discuss the goals, objectives, expectations of the company, targets to be achieved, evaluation criteria and methods. The supervisor of the company is responsible towards identifying the skills, competencies and knowledge of the employees and if they are capable enough to concur out their duties and work effectively. The superiors also need to ensure that they properly communicate and give the good idea regarding the performance expectations and the rewards for the performance (Newstrom and Davis, 1993). Some methods that companies usually come with for the purpose of performance evaluation are 360 degree feedback, critical incidence, rating scales etc.Microsoft is a company that gives importance to i ts Human resources, thus has developed a web-based tool the performance tool wherein the commitments, goals and employees and bosses are included and their roles defined. The employees in the company can log on using an ID and unclutterly understand the goals of the superior effect or change ones own goal that way. This tool or model is flexible as the goals can be changed harmonize to their requirement. proceeding management system is managed with the help of this model in the company.Microsoft follows certain footmarks in its performance evaluation processAs a first step the employee and the manager carry out a face to face meeting twice a week. Then a meeting is done half yearbook where the employees and the managers discuss and solve various issues relate with behavior, performance and the expectations. Online tests are carried out to check the skill train of the employees and feedback is given according to the tests. Microsoft also provides an option for the employee to take their superiors to be their mentors.Performance appraisal structure in Microsoft is unique with 2 reviews being held in a year i.e. career compass held in January and last(a) performance appraisal held in August.Career Compass is a review held in midyear wherein the employee development considered as an important thing. The mainly includes the development of their competencies, in which look the company involves two kinds of competenciesMicrosoft core competencies- involve collaboration and cross border cooperation, innovation, confidence and proper decision makingFunctional competencies in Microsoft are the social skills, skills for project management, analytical skills, strategic decision making etc.Final performance appraisal involves the proper reviewing of the total performance management carried out in the company and is used to rate all the performances and commitments.The goals and targets that were set before as a benchmark will be reviewed and revised after the pe rformance evaluation is done. The employee is also encouraged to do the self appraisals so that they themselves can understand the issues and lack of performance and reasons etc. in the final appraisal process the concerned managers of the department where the employee belongs and HR personnel of the company would sit together and discuss the details of the performance evaluation and appraisal process of the employees. They then rate the employees according to their level of performance achieved based on the standard set.The rating system in the company is based upon commitments and the target achieved. The performance rating in the company is form 5 which is for exceptional performance to 1 unsatisfactory performance. The company also follows a contribution ranking against the coworkers depending on the factors like the readiness to work and potential to learn.The performance appraisal and evaluation process in the company is highly essential in highlighting and communicating its g oals and objectives to its employees and ensuring that they are properly achieved (Longenecker, 1997). Microsoft has been successful in maintaining the proper level of performance among the employees and achieves organizational goals. The employees in the company are aware of their roles and responsibilities thus working towards achieving the targets by framing their goals in the right direction (Grote, 1996). Microsoft is a company that provides certain important targets for each department by asking them to maintain a standard level performance rating for the employees, where in the standard of performance of the employees does non go below this level.The environmental factors have a key role to play in the methods used by the company with respect to the various HR practices. Thus the performance evaluation process in Microsoft Corporation is formulated taking into consideration the factors of external environmental factors. The various political, economic, social and technologi cal factors play a key role in defining the human resource activities of the company.Political factors The political environment in a country can be considered as an important factor that will affect the working of the company in a number of ways. cardinal of the important political issues related to companies like Microsoft are the property protection measures and protection for investments. Many political parties helped the company gain tax benefits in a lot of ways.Economic Factors it is difficult to list out the key economic factors that affect the company, since the Information Technology market is highly dynamic and standardization is not possible (Rubini, 2010). The recent economic downturn has also adversely affected the company like any other as the economy of most of the countries was sternly hit and the market had slowed down.Social environmental factors the social environment of the country in which they operate, act as important aspects in deciding the performance and operations of the company. A company that is socially responsible will be considered well by the customer. The employees will feel proud to work for such companies. Microsoft has been funding many CSR activities, but due to the economic recession the company has cut its budget in that area to invest in some its products. A company that is commit to the society will also possess employees who would work towards such a goal.Technological environment the technological factors like the technological innovations and creativity has lead to an only if new and different kind of expansion in the information technology industry. There are many companies operating in the market providing software, IT and hardware services with innovative technology in every service. The growth of technology has been tremendous as a result of which the company has to recruit and acquire more skills and expert employees who have the knowledge of changing technology in this field. In order to increase the ope rational efficiency the company is expected to increase the performance level of the employees (Kurtz, 2009). Proper performance management system in the company will cater to providing the solution to this issue. Microsoft has developed various methods to perfectly understand the make clear evaluations of the employee performance and train them according to the need of the hour.The study is thus concludes that the company Microsoft is highly specific on establishing a proper performance management system that meets their requirements and maintains their standard at all levels. The Human Resource Management and planning in the company is effective as they have a plan on how to make best use of their human resources asset. The various environmental factors and conditions play a key role deciding various aspects of HR practices in the company. The performance appraisal system is crucial in achieving the goals of the company.

A Case Study Of Benetton Marketing Essay

A Case Study Of Benetton Marketing Essay openity techniques have create greatly over the years, but nothing has had a greater impact on the tools, methods or ways of developing the forwarding strategies than the make up ones mind of the new technologies and of new communication tools. We live in an age of speed communication has become faster and faster especially using Internet tools wish well email, online social networks, web banners, web page advertizing etc.In the digital age, the organizations should take advantage more and more of the power and the edge dourered by the information technology, in order to inform the present or potential clients or consumers in a better and faster way. Marketers have been using electronic tools for many years, but the Internet and other new technologies created a flood of interesting and innovative ways to provide customer value. This new way of range the costumers has captured the imagination of marketing scholars and practitioners (Fuciu and Gorski, 2009).In this age and age, companies must proceed with c be in choosing the to the highest degree appropriate methods of reaching their clients or consumers from a financial or ethical perspective. exactly that does not mean that they can not shock the clients / consumers or role up tools and ways of communications that mostly unusual and different from the frequent methods of promoting products or run. One of these unusual promotion / publicise techniques is the innovation of unconventional advertizement. In our paper we present the concept of this tool, a brief history as well as several meaning(a) advantages and disadvantages, and a case study of social marketing denote campaigns that were developed by the Benetton group which are meant to shock.2. THE fantasy OF UNCONVENTIONAL ADVERTISINGThe idea of advertizing is along as the history of mankind. Archeological finds have dated the early types of advertising, like inscription tablets, discovered in the basin of the Mediterranean Sea. There is evidence that the Romans would paint the announcements of gladiator combats on walls or stones at the crossroads (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008, p. 635)Before we can start to discuss the concept of unconventional advertising we must underline the concept of classical advertising. Over the years this concept has greatly developed and evolved due to the usage and evolution of promotion techniques. One of the most important definitions for the classical advertising is offered by the American Marketing Association (AMA, 2012) which states that advertising is the placement of announcements and persuasive centers in clipping or space purchased in any of the mass media by business firms, nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and individuals who seek to inform and/ or persuade members of a particular rump market or audience about their products, services, organizations, or ideas.According to Philip Kotler (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008, p.1014), advertising is any type of paid presentation and non personal promotion of p stick upered ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. The advertising is considered to be any activity developed by an organization that has the role of preparing the general public to respond in an positive way to the organizations offer (Petrescu, 2008, p. 113). A group of authors (Balaure, 2002, p. 487) mentions that advertising is means by which the organization intents to offer the a large array of information to the public with regard to its activity, products, services brand or company by any identifiable supporter (identified buyer).Advertising (Zyman and Brott, 2008, pp. 11-12).is more than the TV commercial messages, it includes brand positioning, the package, choosing a certain celebrity as a product paradigm, donations, customer relationship management, the way the organization treats its employees or even the way a secretary answers the telephoneAs we can see from the above mention ed definitions, it is possible to underline several common aspects of these authors like (1) the placement of information in a persuasive manner (2) the require to inform the clients / consumers or the general public (3) in that location is always an object (product, service, event etc.) of the communication between the organizations and the market (4) advertising is always paid by a certain individual or organization.Over the years the forms of advertising have evolved greatly. Probably the origin recognized advertising forms that we can relate to were those of the nineteenth Century when in 1936 a French newspaper La Presse was the first daily paper that allowed to print inside its pages a paid advertising (Eskilson, 2007, p.58). referable to the development of new communication techniques since the beginning of the 20th Century like (1) radio, in the early 20s (2) commercial television advertising in the middle of the last century (3) cable TV advertising in the 1960s (4) Int ernet advertising since the early 90. All these forms of advertising have had a large enactment of variations over the years. Among these variations one is considered a bit different than the other ones the concept of unconventional advertising.In the past years, more and more companies have allocated a big part of their marketing budgets for the unconventional strategies. There are several factors that have contributed to the growth of the importance of the unconventional advertising (1) the lack of credibility and the inefficiency of traditional advertising (2) customers reluctance to the advertising message (3) the need to reduce the costs of promotion (4) the need for differentiation of the products and brands (5) consumers better understanding of marketing and selling techniques which makes them immune to commercial messages (6) the need for a better targeting of the audience which has become more and more fragmented (Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333).The new and innovative manners of the advertising companies and marketing specialists of gaining the attention of the clients has developed and evolved greatly in the last decades. In order to reach the clients differently then their competitors, companies have created new, inventive and unconventional tactics, strategies used for the promotion activities of products, services or events.The concept of unconventional advertising is not very different from the definition that was offered by the American Marketing Association but it is difficult to pin come out because it is strictly related to the perception of the people and the frequency of use. The unconventional advertising is permanently changing that is why is virtually impossible to give a countrywide definition of it. Nevertheless, it can be stated that unconventional advertising comprises all those unusual, non-traditional, innovative and inventive means, methods and strategies of promoting a product, service or brand (Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333)Several i mportant types of unconventional advertising have developed and it is important to underline certain aspects (1) Viral marketing refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social networks to rise increases in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives (such as product sales) through self-replicating viral processes, analogous to the spread of pathological and calculator viruses. Viral marketing is spreading as a popular, efficient marketing tool, as consumers increasingly pick and choose what ads they watch and when. Viral is todays electronic uniform of old-fashioned word of mouth. Its a marketing strategy that involves creating an online message thats novel or entertaining enough to prompt consumers to pass it on to others spreading the message across the Web like a virus at no cost to the advertiser (Howard, 2005) (2) Marketing in video games corporate marketers have for decades vied to imbed their respective brands in movies and television shows, so me are beginning to focus on subtler efforts by embedding brands and logos in electronic games. The advergaming industry allows corporate sponsors to join with young consumers lifestyles (Kaikati and Kaikati, 2004, pp. 6-22). (3) Bait-and-Tease Marketing to the situation where a celebrity uses or talks about a product or a brand without it appearing glaring (Kaikati and Kaikati, 2004, pp. 6-22) (4) Bait-and-tease marketing is the strategy of getting people interested in something that later is revealed to be something quite different (Huba, 2005, in Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333) (5) Ambient advertising is one of the most important forms of unconventional advertising. It is an outdoor form of promotion that uses alternative and unconventional media, called ambient media (Pavel and Ctoiu, 2009) in order to transmit the message (6) Elevator advertising is another form of unconventional advertising that has been frequently used in the past years. The walls and even the floors of the e levator units can be used to promote products, services and brands either by placing stickers, posters or even products inside the units or by running commercial movies and ads if the elevators are equipped with screen displays (Pavel, Ctoiu, 2009) (7) Aerial advertising is a form of outdoor advertising, but it is not included in the above-the-line category and in this category includes airplanes pulled banners, skywriting, and blimps (Jurca, 2010, pp. 323 333) etc.As we can see there are several important and interesting methods of developing unconventional advertising, however there are several other elements that can be mentioned and are expenditure studying in a future paper like body advertising graffiti advertising transit advertising affiliate marketing tooshie advertising etc.3. FIGURES AND TABLESAs an introduction to this case study it is necessary to explain, in a few words, what represents the Benetton assembly to all of us.Benetton Group was established for the first time in a small Italian town in 1955 by the Benetton family. During the years, Luciano Benetton (one of the three brothers an a sister of the family) developed the company, engaging it in the manufacturing and dispersal of clothing, shoes, cosmetics and accessories. The groups principal brands include United Colors of Benetton, Sisley, PlayLife, Nordica, Prince, Rollerblade and Killer Loop.In the advertising field, the genius whos name stand for himself in the branch is Oliviero Toscani, Benetton Art Director and photographer hired by Luciano Benetton in 1982. He is the man who developed the idea that the products must be separate from advertisement. He is well-know around the world for his unusual advertising techniques and themes.Using these images in this unconventional way is an effort by Benetton to break through the complacency that exists in our society (). By removing these images from their familiar contexts and putting them in a new context they are more likely to be n oticed and given the attention they deserve as the viewer becomes involved in the process of answering the questions What does this image mean? Why does this image appear with a Benetton logo? How do I feel about the subject of the image? What can I do? Luciano BenettonBefore the Toscani Age, the Benetton Group used a traditional way of advertising, focused on its products and logo the Benetton word with a stylized knot of yarn above, contained within a dark green rectangle. Then, Luciano and Toscani realized that they have to stand apart from the rest of the competition and the standard practices of the advertising industry. So, they decided to use the idea of life style accessory and not a clothing brand according to Benetton.Disturbing, revolting, stunning, horrifying, shockingly graphic those are the words that define the Benetton Group advertising campaign.Its gritty, to real and so unglamorous everything fashion is not. And yet its an advertisement for a high end clothing company.All this started with the first theme of Toscani teenagers and kids from culturally diverse nations who, dressed very iridescentl in Benetton attire, were engaged in a variety of playful acts. These is the picture that created the pathway of the Benetton advertising campaign racial concord and world peace.https//encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSsC4360tpwa46frL2-MMHG-vcZA1Ni7-q1QU2sFYye8UUeYQSXJQhttps//encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSyQbygZHTYc4a7jUxQV1Il73zbaek3Kaoq-77_OQYUn0ejR38YXQFig. 1 Benetton All the colors of the World campaign 1982 1984In a year in witch Ronald Reagan is in the White House and Michael capital of Mississippi and Lionel Richie are writing We Are The World, The Benetton Group launch United Colors of Benetton a phrase thrown into pop culture not only referencing the companys colorful clothing but also the idea that cultural diversity is good.https//encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSlpvCgu6ewKjLgYARfXfgChEk0P5w LxkNh2s-LtgkSiWgtjWveZAFig. 2 All colors are equal, just as all men are equal Benetton 1985Then, in 1988, the company started to mix the people, ideas, legends and culture. So was born the new advertisements featured Joan of Arc and Marilyn Monroe, Leonardo da Vinci and Julius Caesar or Adam and Eve.https//encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcRmcH6UtYDV0v2wu_APlI9Yz2kr8E0cUPPUhIpp-GL4tperPNYsoA https//encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQBEmCoY5XczTw1HfNEKFy-JOoXZDQuwI-dHGaieR05F8PTAKCOhgFig. 3 alloy ideas Benetton 1985Those mixed ideas and, most of all, the presence of black and white people in the same photo received severe criticism because many thought that was reminding the time when, bought in UK and USA, the black women breast-fed white babies in the times of slavery. Despite all the negative points of view, Benetton maintained that such photos were only symbols of brotherhood and not victimisation of the particular race.The next stept for Luciano Benet ton and Oliviero Toscani was discussing other issues social problems, war deaths, AIDS crisis, environmental disaster, political violence, war exile, etc.Unlike traditional adverts, our images usually have no copy and no product, only our logo. They do not show you a fictitious reality in which you will be irresistible if you make use of our products. They do not tell anyone to buy our clothes, they do not even imply it. All they attempt to do is promote a discussion about issues which people would normally glide over if they approached them from other channels, issues we feel should be more widely discussed. Luciano BenettonSo, by switching the focus of the viewer to relevant issues of the time which they believe need attention, Benetton support a cause. Their posters and all advertising ads show aspects of life, guiltless and uncensored. That shouldnt impact people negatively unless those people want to close themselves off from the world. And, the most important aspect of all, when people have a reaction, whether positive or negative, to an advertisement, that advertisement stays in their minds for longer.https//encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQxufkmLOi3qRB9yD4YndGUlkoss5gOjjxqTBy2ob5ME5gFUq_Ahttps//encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSCMrMFaGcKTLCdaxbe6tkIhrXqQ1TiUJG0kGKhEsqfh7t-zJ7xhttps//encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcR4zZ-vZbqg8WY3FOUYbm0LexU2FMyekrwjYqfIljegrEdX10L7 https//encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTge6woiEToiStvqlyMeaXUILtAoTCQNXzyc-cb0uhCr3xbueB2https//encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcRdDjTxxo2PwL33syPaSFmvDLRrG87Np9VhFhKLH1X6LKcTzvZ9cgFig. 4 Mixing ideas Benetton 1992 and soThese advertising offendedNearly every advertisement today is in some way promoting a certain lifestyle, or seems to include the message that without the product in question, happiness is unattainable. By choosing the skinniest and prettiest models to wear the clothes that they produce, many companies lead the viewer to believe that, by wearing those clothes, they can look just like the models. But when this doesnt happen, especially the young women are affected by depress because, despite the effort and money that they pay to buy the clothes advertised, the look will neer be the same.So, by switching the focus of the viewer to relevant issues of the time which they believe need attention, Benetton support a cause. Their posters and all advertising ads show aspects of life, unadulterated and uncensored. That shouldnt impact people negatively unless those people want to close themselves off from the world.Benettons policy of social responsibility5. CONCLUSIONSBy submitting your paper, you agree and accept the commitment that at least one of the co-authors will present the paper in person at the 2012 International Scientific Conference of the Romanian-German University of Sibiu conference.Accepted and presented papers will be published in the CD Conference Proceedings with ISBN, as well a s in written format edited in partnership with liter Academic Publishing from Germany.

Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies

oxidizable good luck Tolerance StrategiesAbstractCloud is the buzzword among computational technologies. It has brought a paradigm shift in a way computing is done and data is stored. This cost-effective means of technology has attracted a lot of people towards it and companies are embracing cloud to reduce their working(a) costs. As grows the favouriteity so will the challenges. One of the foremost challenges is geological fault Tolerance. Fault Tolerance ensures the availability, reliability, and performance of the cloud applications. This paper is mainly focused on the Reactive intermission tolerance strategies. Firstly, the paper outlines various imperfections, errors, and chastisements in the Cloud Computing scenario. Then, various prevalent reactive fault tolerance strategies are discussed. Lastly, a comparative analysis is done to better understand the application of the discussed strategies.I. IntroductionCloud-Computing is gaining traction dueII. Faults, Errors, an d Failures2.1 Faults.Fault is the cause of the system or a component in the system to fail. Faults induce errors into system which hinders the ability of any system to perform as expected and give desired results. An erroneous system ultimately leads towards chastisement. Fault tolerance is the ability of the system to keep going in presence of one or more than faults besides with decaying performance. We must thoroughly classify and analyse various somas of faults, errors, and visitations to come up with sound Fault-Tolerance Strategies. Faults in Cloud Computing environment canful be classified as follows.Aging related faultAs time passes, these faults visualize up into the system. These can be further categorized into cardinal types namely Software base aging and Hardware based aging. Once the parcel starts slaying, there is an accumulation of software bugs in the system. Furthermore, the decaying performance of the system hardware makes the system incapable to perfor m to its requirements.Omission faultThis kind of faults pass by when the resourcefulnesss in the system dry up and eventually the ongoing processes end up falling short of the resources in terms of storage capacity and computing power. Omission faults are mainly of two types i.e. Denial of Service, where the attacker tries to make the resources unavailable to its intended users by overwhelming the system with too many superfluous requests. The other type is Disk Space Full, in which the amount of free space required by the applications is no longer available, this leads to node sorrow?Response faults.Response faults occur when the server gives an incorrect response to a query made by the user. This is further classified into 3 types. Value Faults-If faults at an application level or at lower level in the system are non managed properly, this can cause the individual application or the processor to emit an incorrect value. Byzantine faults- This fault attributes to the erratic b ehavior of the processor when it gets corrupted. The processor has not stopped working but the results are not predictable. State transition faults- When systems turn their subjects, this kind of fault surfaces.Timing Faults.Synchronization is a key factor when it comes to execution of occupations in a distributed computing ecosystem. at that place should be time constraints for communication and execution of tasks by the processor. Faults which arise due to poor synchronization are called Timing faults. If the communication or the task execution begins early, then it is called Early fault. If the processor takes a lot of time to execute the tasks and this results in undesirable delay in the communication, then it is called Late fault.Interaction Faults.As the crook of services grow in the system along with its complexity, the interaction between the services also increases. This may cause faults which occur due to form _or_ system of government and Security incompatibilities. Various service providers have different policies and different security protocols.Life Cycle Faults.The service time of an application may expire when a user is trying to use that application. User cannot further access it unless the service becomes active again. This is called as Life Cycle fault or Service expiration fault.2.2 Errors.Error is the difference between the expected output and the actual output of a system. A system is said to perform erroneously when it starts behaving in a manner that is against its specification and compliance. To study the nature of errors in a cloud computing scenario, a few of them have been listed below.Network Errors.Cloud is a meshwork of remote servers. Hence, we may observe a lot of errors in the nodes and the links which connect these servers. This kind of errors are called as Network Errors. Mainly network errors can be in the form of three types. Packet Corruption- As a packet moves from one node to another and traverses across variou s links, there is a fair amount of chance that it might get corrupted due to the system noise. Packet corruption tweaks the original selective information and might just about propagation go unnoticed.? Packet Loss- If a packet fails to reach its destination, this leads to Packet Loss. The main causes of packet loser are link congestion, device unsuccessful person, (router/switch) and, faulty cabling. Network Congestion- When the traffic This get by is encountered due to low bandwidth. When the flow of traffic increases on a single path, this may also create network congestion. This issue is very important as it determines the Quality of Service(QoS).Software Errors.Software errors are broadly categorized as memory leaks and numerical exceptions. Memory Leaks- When there is a bug in the software wherein the application uses huge memory to perform the task but the memory, which is no longer needed, is not freed upon the completion of the task. Numerical Exception-A software doe s a lot of numerical computations which are required by the applications. The applications might sometimes generate issues due to some numerical conversions which raise exceptions. If these exceptions remain unhandled then errors persist in the system. epoch Based Errors.These errors arise when applications do not complete their task execution in a time bounded manner. This can be subdivided into three types. ephemeral Errors- the probability of occurrence is very less. Intermittent Errors- The pattern of these errors is sporadic but observed many number of times. Permanent Errors- These occur more number of times with a deterministic pattern.2.3 Failures.As said earlier, failures result due to errors. If a system does not achieve its intended objective, then its in a state of failure. Several things can go wrong in a system and yet the system may produce desired results. Until the system produces wrong output, there is no failure?4 To study the nature of failures, following is the list of failures.Node Failure.In distributed systems, such as cloud computing, we see that sometimes resources and nodes are ever-changingally added to the system. This brings along a lot of uncertainties and the chances of node failure increase. Reliability and availability are the major criteria for nodes to be adjudged as functioning properly. Node failure occurs if a node is not available at any time a node is not present in the system to perform tasks(unavailable) or produces errors while doing computations.Process Failure.Process failure occurs when a process is unable(p) to place the messages into the communication channel and transmit it or a processs algorithm is unable to retrieve messages from the communication channel?Network Failure.Network failures are very serious issues with regards to cloud computing. There is no communication without a network. Network failures occur when there is a link failure, network device failures such as routers and switches, configuratio n changes in a network. Configuration change or a change in policy of a forge will cause problems to the applications using the resources of that machine and this problem is most likely reason for a network failure.? soldiery Failure.A host is a computer that communicates with other computers on the network. In the scope of Cloud Computing, hosts are servers/clients that project/receive data. Whenever a host fails to send the requested data due to crashes, host failure occurs.Application Failure. Cloud applications are the software codes that run on cloud. Whenever bugs develop in the codes, application fails to sue its intended objective. The errors caused due to this leads to Application Failure. cloud endure3. Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies.Fault Tolerance Strategies in Cloud Computing are of two types, namely, Proactive, and Reactive. Proactive Fault Tolerance Strategies are those techniques which help in anticipating faults and provides preventive measures to avoid th e occurrence of faults. Here, the faulty components in the system are identified and replaced with operative ones. Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies, are the techniques used to effectively troubleshoot a system upon occurrence of failure(s). Various reactive fault tolerance strategies are discussed below.3.1 Checkpointing.In Checkpointing, the system state is saved and stored in the form of checkpoints. This taking is both preventive and reactive. Whenever a system fails, it rolls back to the most recent checkpoint. This is a popular fault tolerance technique and placing the checkpoints at appropriate intervals is very important.Full Checkpointing. Complete state of the application in saved and stored at regular intervals. The drawback of luxuriant checkpointing is that it needs a lot of time to save and requires huge chunk of storage-space to save the state.Incremental Checkpointing.This is an improvement over the full checkpointing. This method performs full checkpointing ab initio and thereafter only the modified pages of information from the previous checkpoint are stored. This is much faster and reliable than full checkpointing.Optimized Checkpoint/Restart.The crux of checkpointing lies in how we space our checkpoints. Good number of checkpoints ensure that the application is resilient to failure. However, this comes at the cost of time, space, and causes a lot of overhead. On the other hand, having less number of checkpoints makes our application vulnerable to faults thereby causing failure. It has been seen that cloud tasks are typically smaller than the grid jobs and hence more time sensitive to the checkpointing/restart cost.? Also, characterizing the failures in the cloud tasks using a failure probability distribution function will be inaccurate as the task lengths in cloud tasks depend on the user precedency too.? This technique aims at bettering the performance of Checkpointing technique in threefold approach. Firstly, optimize the number of checkpoints for each task. Secondly, as the priority of the task may change during its execution, a dynamic mechanism must be designed to tune the optimal solution in the first step. Thirdly, find a proper tradeoff between topical anesthetic disks and shared disks to store the checkpoints. The optimal number of checkpoints is calculated by evenly spreading the checkpoints during the execution of the task. The calculation is done without modelling the failures using a failure probability distribution function. A key observation that we make during the execution of cloud tasks is the tasks with higher priority have longer uninterrupted execution lengths in comparison with low-priority tasks. Hence the solution needs to be more adaptive considering the priority of the tasks. Mere equal spacing of the checkpoints will not do in this case. If the priority of the task remains unchanged the Mean Number of Failures(MNOF) remains the same. The position of the next checkpoint needs to be rec alculated and its position needs to be changed if the priority factor that influences the MNOF changes during the execution of the task. Lastly, the problem of where to store the checkpoints is addressed. The checkpointing costs for both local disks and shared disk is calculated and then based upon the costs an efficient prize is made. It is noticed that, as the memory size of the tasks increase, the checkpointing costs also increase. Also, when multiple checkpointing is done, in the local disks, there is no significant increase in the costs, but owing to congestion, there is a significant rise in checkpointing costs. Hence, a distributively-managed algorithm is designed to mitigate the bottleneck problem and lower the checkpointing costs.3.2 Retry.Simplest of all the fault tolerance techniques. The task is restarted on the same resource upon occurrence of the problem. The underlying assumption behind this approach is that during the subsequent attempts, the problem will not show u p.?3.3 Task Resubmission.A job consists of several small tasks. When one of the tasks is failed, the entire job gets affected. In this technique, the failed task is resubmitted either to the same resource or a different one to finish the execution of the task.3.4 Replication. Running the same task on several machines which are different locations. This is done to ensure that when a machine fails, the process of task execution is not halted as the other machine takes it up. Replication is further categorized as follows.Semi-active Replication.The input is provided to all the imitation machines. The task execution simultaneously goes on in the primary replica as well as the relief replica. However, the primary replica only provides the output. When the primary replica goes down, the backup replica provides output. This technique uses a lot of network resources as the task is running in simultaneously in all the replicas. VMware uses Semi-active replication Fault Tolerance Strategy. 4.Semi-passive Replication.This technique has a flavor of checkpointing in addition to replication. The main replica performs the checkpointing operation over the state information. Replication is done by transferring this checkpoint information to all the backup replicas. The backup machines dont have to concurrently execute the task with the primary replica, but its duty is to save the latest checkpoint information. When the primary replica fails, it designates the backup replica to takeover. The checkpoint information is updated with some loss in the execution. This technique uses lesser network resources than the semi-active replication but there is a tradeoff as some of the execution. Also, in this case, whenever the backup fails, the latency is more as the time taken for recovery and reconfiguration when compared with semi-active replication. ref 3Passive Replication.The state information is stored in the form of checkpoints in a dedicated backup machine. When the backup fails , the Fault Tolerance Manager, commissions another machine to be the backup. The backup is updated by restoring the last saved checkpoint. The fault tolerance managing director uses a priority based scheme while appointing new backups.3.5 Job Migration.When a task fails in one of the machine, it can be transferred to another virtual(prenominal) machine. Sometimes, if a task in a job cannot be executed due computational and memory constraints, the task is given to another machine to execute.3.6 bringing Workflow.A cloud job consists of several small tasks. Upon failure of a task, this method continues the execution of the other tasks. The overall workflow is stopped only when the failure of the task impacts the entire job. rescue workflow4. Comparative Summary of the Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies.Checkpointing This technique effectively detects Application Failure. This technique is used when the application size or the task size is too big. Moreover, checkpointing provides e fficient resource utilization.Retry If the problem persists beyond multiple tries, this method is time inefficient. This is used to detect Host failure and Network failure.Task Resubmission As the job is tried on the same or different resource, this technique is both time consuming and has more resource utilization. This detects Node Failure and Application Failure.Replication This technique detects Node Failure and Process Failure. As the task is run on various machines, we see more resource utilization here.Job Migration This technique detects Node and Process failures. This method is time efficient as the task which cannot be executed in a machine is transferred to another.Rescue-Workflow This method detects Node failure and Application failure. This is a time-inefficient technique.

Socrates: The Greek Philosopher :: essays research papers

The life of the Greek philosopher Socrates (469-399 BC) marks such a critical point in Western thought that standard histories divide Greek philosophy into pre-Socratic and post-Socratic periods. Socrates left no writings of his own, and his work has inspired almost as many dissimilar interpretations as there have been interpreters. He remains one of the most important and one of the most enigmatic figures in Western philosophy. As a young man Socrates became fascinated with the new scientific ideas that Anaxagoras and the latters associate Archelaus had introduced to Athens. He seems for a time to have been the leader of an Athenian research circle--which would explain wherefore the first appearance of Socrates in literature is as a villainous, atheistic scientist in The Clouds of Aristophanes. Young Socrates also knew the Sophists and listened to their debates and ceremonial orations. Socrates and the Sophists Neither science nor Sophistry, however, could answer a new philosophi c question that struck him. The earlier Greek thinkers had been concerned almost wholly with physics and cosmology until the Sophists suggested that what should be done instead was to acquire young men skills to satisfy their natural self-interest. Instead, Socrates wondered "What is a self?" Although "Know Thyself" was one of three sayings carved on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, the directive proved concentrated to carry out. The so-called scientific views of the time, particularly that of atomism, defined the self as a physical organ that responded to environmental pressure. Socrates felt, however, that the Sophists, for all their talk of self-interest, had little curiosity about the status of a self they assumed that it was merely an isolated center constantly greedy for more pleasure, prestige, and power. The Sophists further thought that the values that deal advocated were all conventional, varying from one culture to another, and that no one would ever ac t against his or her own interest, regardless of how many people talked as though they would. This complex of ideas offered little to explain human nature and honor. Socrates Later Life and Thought Socrates, setting about his search for the self, was convinced of the importance of his quest. Until educators and teachers knew what human excellence was, he thought, they were engaging in false pretenses by claiming that they knew how to improve students or societies. Socrates believed that objective patterns, or "forms," exist that define human excellence, that these are neither culturally relative nor subjective, and that philosophic inquiry could discover them.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain Green Knight Essay

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight tells the tale of one of King Arthurs bravest and noblest knights, Sir Gawain. The antecedent spins this magical tale of heroism and adventure over the course of one year. During this year, the hero Sir Gawain undergoes a serious alteration of character. When Bertilak enters King Arthurs court as the mysterious special K knight, he sets Sir Gawains destiny in motion. Change, especially spiritual transformation, is a common thread running through the poem. The poet depicts Bertilak as approximately Godlike, and Bertilak plays a significant role in Sir Gawains spiritual transformation, through which he becomes more like Christ. Bertilak first introduces himself by making an astonishing catch up with into King Arthurs court. The poet describes the appearance of the Green Knight thus There hurtles in at the hall-door an unknown rider, / One the greatest on ground in growth of his frame / Half a giant on earth I hold him to be (l. 136-140). His forcefulness and size are the aspects of him that the poet first describes however, the concomitant that the huge knight is entirely green from head to toe amazes the court more. The actor notes that, Great wonder grew in hall / At his hue close to strange to see, / For man and gear and all / Were green as green could be (l. 147-150). The color green here may symbolize spiritual growth, although green sometimes suggests evil in literature. The Green Knight was especially fascinating because his physical appearance, as well as his apparent immortality demonstrated that he had ghostly qualities, and therefore was not entirely of this world. Throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poet port... ... depicted Bertilak, sometimes the Green Knight, with Godlike characteristics and supernatural qualities. At different times in the poem, Bertilak represents the wise, just, providential master of the castle, and is sometim es transformed into the mystical Green Knight. Both characters are essential for Sir Gawains transformation, which Bertilak manipulates freely. In a Christ-like sacrifice, Sir Gawain learns of his weaknesses, and experiences the process of spiritual absolution. In this poem, Bertilak, whom the author has granted supernatural characteristics, facilitates Sir Gawains spiritual journey for truth and complete transformation.Works CitedSir Gawain and the Green Knight. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. Ed. Alfred David, James Simpson. Vol. A. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2006. 3 vols. 162-213.

Nursing Home Abuse Essay -- Elderly Care Nursing Essays Papers

Nursing Home AbuseWith over 1.5 million elderly and dependent adults instantaneously living in nursing homes throughout the country, abuse and neglect has become a widespread problem. Even though some nursing homes provide honorable cargon, many be subjecting helpless residents to needless suffering and death. Most residents in nursing homes argon dependent on the staff for most or every(prenominal) their needs such as food, water, medicine, toileting, g agencying- almost all their daily supervise. Unfortunately, many residents in nursing homes today are starved, dehydrated, over-medicated, and suffer painful pressure sores. They are often isolated, ignored and deprived of social contact and stimulation. Because of insufficient and poorly trained staff commonly found in nursing homes. Care givers are often overworked and grossly underpaid that often results in rude and abusive behavior to vulnerable residents who beg them for simple needs such as water or to be taken to the bath room.Federal and State laws require that nursing homes build a plan of fearfulness and employ sufficient staffing to provide all the care listed on the care plan. Most corporate owned nursing homes today are not sufficiently staffed, and they can not provide all the care listed on the care plan. Consequently, residents are not taken to the toilet when necessary theyre often left lying in urine and feces. They also develop painful and life-threatening decubitus ulcers, and are not fed properly, theyre not given sufficient fluids. They are also over-medicated or under-medicated, and dropped causing painful bruises and fractures, are ignored and not included in activities, are left in bed all day, call lights not answered. These are all forms of negligence, performed daily in nursing homes.Nursing homes who receive federal funds are required to keep abreast with federal laws that specify that residents receive a high quality of care. In 1987 Congress responded to reports of widespre ad neglect and abuse in nursing homes during 1980s, which enacted legislation to reform nursing home regulations and require nursing homes instigateicipating in the Medicare and Medicaid programs to comply with certain requirements for quality of care. The legislation, included in the Omnibus Bud call for Reconciliation Act of 1987, which specifies that a nursing home must provide services and activities to polish off or maintain the highest practicable phys... ...al nurse on duty day and night?Nursing home care is pricey. Although prices vary, the basic charge for a double-bed room in a typical nursing home is in the range of $20,000 to $50,000 a year. Homes in rural areas tend to be slightly less expensive than those in cities. The costs of medications and physician visits are not included in the basic charge. Also, special treatments such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy often add to the cost. in that location are also possible additional charges for drugs, laun dry, haircuts, and extra services. Some nursing homes are operated as nonprofit corporations. They are sponsored by religious, charitable, fraternal and other groups or ran by government agencies at the federal, state, or local levels. But many nursing homes are businesses operated for profit. Individuals or corporations may own them. Sometimes they are part of a chain of nursing homes.Now, you can see that Nursing Home abuse is a big problem in America. You might want to get involved in our local program against nursing home abuse. I will leave you with one last statistic, 1 out of every 8 nursing home patients are abused in some way. Wouldnt you like to help them?