Supply and Demand and Economist View Prostitution

As we live in 21st century whoredom has been like an everyday good a market bear offer. Economist figure harlotry as performing a business activity. However, the problem is belt up around. The demand for whoredom is continually growing. What still surprises the people is that not only the homeless and starving people choose this path as a calling but in addition young generation do as well. In some countries on that point are underage children that have been kidnapped or have been wooly-minded and found by people and force them into prostitution.Parents concern is that why do their children have to grow up with opinion ab proscribed prostitution as a source of receiving money to survive in this world. It has turned out to be one of the most important trades in the world. Several poor countries are strained into prostitution or have no choice of another(prenominal)(prenominal) jobs turn to prostitution as a support during their economic difficulties. When a person thinks the y gaint have enough education and knowledge to get a job, he or she will think of prostitution, which is easier to join the labour force. People view prostitution as a simple way to make money.Although it does leave a negative look for the society but in fact it has been recognised as popular job for many people, which is in fact cannot be ignored by others. People usually believe that its mostly fair sex in the prostitution market but when in reality, men are the ones that are considered to be the more important part of the high demand. harlotry is when an somebody offers to have sex and get a wage for it. When they exchange money for knowledgeable service. Prostitution business revolves around performing sex by the arctic gender.Opportunity cost of woman choosing prostitution is marriage. In reality a woman cannot be a wife and a vilify at the same time. By choosing that as a career they are making a rational choice by deciding that prostitution is better off for them than other jobs and as well as forgone marriage life. Even though prostitution has been increasing in popularity at that place is a certain restriction that take aways to meet the societys moral. Prostitutes cant get any support from publicity and it has to be performed in a certain place.Now a days prostitution is considered more of a profession, just like a doctor, police office, and many others. When prostitution is considered as a profession this means they become a taxpayer like the rest of the professionals out there. Having a legal status for prostitution, the government has a benefit out this reason organism more income means more taxing paying which would go to the government at the end of the day. This makes us view prostitution as a business activity. When the service or task has been fatiguee you get hard currency in return, where it becomes systematic income.Even though prostitution does contribute income and high demand, but choosing prostitution as a career is irratio nal. According to Dr. John Lowman stated prostitution is considered as a potential source of renewing the budge of Canada. But there are also other reasons for not becoming a defame except the tax-pension side of the issue. Another problem is the risk that is associated with being in the prostitution business. They can spread venereal diseases because they dont do a proper medical checkup. This places the prostitution as a risk or danger occupation, and choosing a high-risk occupation is irrational.There has been a study stating that pimps take a big role in prostitution business. Pimps pay a higher rate to victimizes compared to a prostitute that doesnt have a pimp. It has also been noticed that if a prostitute has a pimp they would be getting paid more but would have less work at the same time. This is possible because of the most in-demand workers. These prostitutes roughly make four times compared to other work forces. Even though they get to see more money than other workers out there they still miss out some critical benefits others has that they dont get.That is the risk associated with this job, some common known risks are STD and there are many health issues that occur in this particular job. Some might get assaulted research has shown to be at least once a month a sex worker is assaulted on average. Which shows to be it isnt one of the safest ways to make money. Prostitutes also face issues from police office from being arrested. By legalizing prostitution, prostitutes would be forced to drop their price. Since its legal many people would want to join that market which means more competition.This doesnt give them another choice but to emiter their prices. One of the main tools for a market is competition. If the competition is lower in the market then there is a low opportunity of the client to choose others. If she doesnt give the client provide more for less money, he might find some other prostitute that will. Economists indicated that prostit ution is a monopolistic market with a wareward sloping demand curve. If they can sell one more unit of their good at the same price of the last one, which means they can optimize their price.Supply and demand plays a key role when it comes to prostitution because of the high volume of demand for sexual service and demand is what supplies woman pushes becomes the demand and men become the supply. Men buy by paying cash and women sell themselves for cash. Prostitution has an earning that is massive that they dont have to turn to any other additional financing for budgeting. The reason for prostitution increase and growth in a large exfoliation compared to previous years has to do with tourists that are seeking sexual services.As we know prostitution is that woman sell and men buy but economists stated that prostitution most likely will lose clients when mens income increases. Needs and wants for prostitutes are men and money, but they share a competition when it comes to men. Especi ally to hook up with men, theyre competing with the married mens wives in order for them to make an earning. One advantage that wives have that gives them a step higher then prostitute is the fact they can produce children, which can only come from the father.When mens income starts to increase they tend to have superior good by temper and they choose to buy the cheaper good. Logically to reduce prostitution, if womens income and opportunity are great you can see less prostitution in that particular place. If that doesnt work, increasing both men and women have an increase in income will have better results. Prostitution has been decreased in recent years. In completion in todays society prostitution is no shocker. It can be found roughly every corner of the street and mainly in major cities.Many people choose to go into prostitution of money problem to support them selves or family. This is one of the professions that make enormous money with little to none budgeting required an d doesnt need any additional financing help. The profit of prostitution is really benefitting to the government, since it has been legalized the income they make some percentage is paid tax to government. Prostitution has a market behind which means more cash flow, in return more tax payable to the government. There are some down side to being a prostitution that needs to be revealed.Even though prostitution is considered to be a business and also considered as a professional, there are some key elements that are missing. First being there is no medical coverage so if they affected with any disease and need treatment or any other medical related issues, they would have to pay out of their own pocket. Second being there is no kindly security even though you are paying tax. If the sex workers were given the opportunity to get some education or find a meet salary they would have never considered prostitution as a job. Reference Economics and prostitution Sample essay free Example of Argumentative essay. usance Essay Writing $9. 95/page Custom-Essays. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Europe, society. In medieval, England, and prostitutes were k. Papers Pro Legalization of Prostitution. Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Paper, and Book Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Giusta, Marina Della . Who is watching? The market for prostitution services. SpringerLink electronic journals, protocols and books.. N. p. , 6 Apr. 2007. Web. 2 Nov. 2012. . Economy and Prostitution. Anti Essays. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from the World Wide Web http//www. antiessays. com/free-essays/341579. html Page 2 Whos numbering Sexonomics Prostitutes Incomes ABC News. ABCNews. com Breaking News, Latest News & Top Video News ABC News. N. p. , 7 May 2006. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Clark-Flory, Tracy. The economics of prostitution Salon. com. Salon. com. N. p. 18 Jan. 2008. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Frondizi, Alexandre , and Simon porcher. Informal Urban Economy a Hist orical Approach of Paris Street-level Prostitution. Informal Urban Economy a Historical Approach of Paris Street-level Prostitution. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Clarke, D. A. Prostitution for Everyone feminism, globalisation, and the sex industry. Prostitution for Everyone feminism, globalisation, and the sex industry. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov.

History 201: World History 1400-1900 Essay

This course is concerned with the history of Modern Europe from the beginning of the eighteenth light speed to the present. However, it leave alone not be a survey of all the important events and personalities of the period. The central theme will be revolution. This stipulation refers to momentous events such as the French Revolution, the Russian Revolution and World War I. We are also interested in revolutionary changes in thought such as occurred during the wisdom and earth shaking social and/or economic developments including the Industrial Revolution and the Pursuit of Empire.Reading ListAvailable at the BookstoreM. Perry et al, Western civilisation Ideas, Politics and Society from the 1400s, Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009From the Renaissance to the Present Sources of the Western Tradition, vol. 2, ed. M. Perry, J.R. Peden and T.H. Von Laue, Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin Comp each, 5th edition, 2003.Grade Distri aloneionParticipation throughout t erm 10%Five quizzes during term 10%Mid-Term Examination February 17 25%Term Essay April 7 25%Final Examination Scheduled by Registrar 30%The exams and the term essay must be completed in order to receive a passing grade for this course. Assignments will be assessed letter grades. Please see the table in the Undergraduate Calendar (http//www.ucalgary.ca/pubs/calendar/current/f-2.html).ParticipationMuch of approximately every third mob will be devoted to group discussion. Our aim is to augment our ability to apply critical thinking to historical problems. Each discussion will name to topics examined in class and/or readings on blackboard. Written accounts of group sessions will be handed in and assessed by the instructor to determine your participation grade, but they will not be returned. Please ensure that your name is recorded on all group submissions.QuizzesFive multiple-choice quizzes will be taken on five separate days. Four will be used to determine your overall quiz ma rk. You will not find these difficult if you project class regularly and keep up with your readings. We will go over the correct answers in class. The quizzes will not be returned.Mid-Term and Final ExaminationsThe mid-term and final examinations will cover the material from the course lectures, discussions and readings. They will not be multiple choice.Term EssayThe term essay is to be approximately 1500 words in length (6 double-spaced pages). It will be based on quartette extracts totaling 8 10 pages in From the Renaissance to the Present Sources of the Western Tradition. The extracts may get from the same chapter or from throughout the volume but should have similar themes so that you can evaluate them together. You should use (and reference accordingly) at least four academic books and articles to place your documents into historical context.Do not use encyclopedias, internet resources, class lectures, textbooks, or non-academic sources. The essay must conform to The History Students Handbook (available on blackboard). The pre-writing process (Part I) will involve the development of a strong central thesis statement. The writing (Part II) will require an introduction, argument, body of evidence, and conclusion. piece of music style, submission format, and citations should follow Part IVof the Handbook. Use footnotes or endnotes as your method of citation (do not use parenthetical referencing).Classroom ConductYou are pass judgment to attend all scheduled classes.Please refrain from distracting activities such as reading newspapers, opening food packages, chatting with friends, checking email, and using the internet or electronic devices during class. In order to protect the privacy of others, students may not record in any format (for example, digital photographs, voice and/or video recording from any device, including cell phones) any activity that occurs within the classroom. Permission to record lectures will only be given to students who have doc umented disabilities.

Kite Runner Redmption

One of the main themes of the novel The Kite Runner Is buyback. Through come forth the novel, the main character, emir, seeks redemption for his sins. Amir states in the first chapter of the novel that he has a past of unatoned sins. Throughout the novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses the following symbols to express the theme of redemption The scar above Amirs lip, the honey and the blue kite. The scar above Amirs lip represents the redemption Amir attained by rescuing Sohrab.Amir travels to Afghanistan to rescue Sohrab, who is being exploited by a Taliban leader. The Taliban leader turns out to be an old enemy from Amirs childhood, Assef. Amir must fight Assef in order to leave with Sohrab. During the fight Amir is beaten brutally until Sohrab shoots Assef with his slingshot. Amir is left field with a scar above his right lip, strikingly similar to the one Hassan had after having surgery for his cleft lip. At the beginning of the novel, Amir watches Hassan get raped, f urther he did not intervene.The guilt from that day haunts him throughout the novel. At one point, Amir even tries to force Hassan to beat him up, as though the only function that could redeem Amir was being beaten, but Hassan does not and Amir is even more ridden with guilt. When Rakim Khan calls amir, he says, Come, This is a chance for you to be good again. It is choke Rakim Khan understood the guilt that Amir was feeling, and realized that Amir had been searching for redemption all his life. Khan new that rescuing Sohrab was the only way Amir could sincerely yours find redemption.The rescue of Sohrab, was the rescue of an innocent, the rescue of a lamb. Throughout the novel, a reoccurring image of a sacrificial lamb represents a path to redemption. Amir tells the contributor how during the Muslim holiday of Eid-Al-Ahda, the Mullah sacrifices a lamb. The look on the lambs face during the sacrifice stays with Amir for the appease of his life. When Amir witnesses Asseff rape Hassan, he remarks, I caught a glimpse of his face. Saw the resignation in it. It was a look I had seen before. It was the look of the lamb.Once more in the novel, Amir is reminded of the lamb, when he witnesses Asseff exploit Sohrab. The link between Hassan, Sohrab and the Lamb is their innocence Because Amir betrayed an innocent Hassan, he must save an innocent to be redeemed, Sohrab is this innocent lamb. By culture the exploitation of this figurative lamb, Amir attains redemption for his sin. Finally, returning with the blue kite was an avenue of redemption for Amir. Every winter, in Kabul, there was a large kite-fighting tourney.The tournament was a big deal to the people of Kabul. Amir and Hassan won the tournament, but in order to truly be victorious, Hassan had to retrieve the blue kite so Amir could bring it home as a trophy. During the kite tournament Amir states, All i saw was the blue kite. All i smelled was victory. Salvation. repurchase. Specifically, redemption in t he eyes of Baba. Amir had stated earlier in the novel how he thought Baba thought of him as weak, but this was Amirs chance to be beardown(prenominal) in the eyes of Baba, and end Amirs longing for Babas love.In conclusion, the rescue of Sohrab, the sacrificial lamb and the blue kite represent redemption for Amirs sins. Redemption is a main theme of the novel, and Khaled Hosseini uses the aforementioned symbols to tell the story of Amirs quest for redemption. Amirs quest makes one question whether sometimes the sinner, is also the victim. As a mere child, Amir betrayed his friend, out of fear, out of cowardice, and out of selfishness, but he did not know that decision would haunt him for the rest of his life. Did he really deserve the punishment befallen on him?

Strategic Management Analysis of Saudi Aramco Ltd.

To Prof. Dr. M. Mahmodul Hasan. Course Instructor, Faculty of Business, AIUB. Re Sub charge of Term Paper on Saudi-Arabian Aramco. Dear Sir, It is a grand contentment for us that we have been capable to submit the report. Its been an enormous practice for us to bring about such a job and we took pleasure in the hale term paper making actions. We tried our degree best with our knowledge to make a full pledged report by analyzing on the whole the getable information. We hope that we have fulfilled all the requirements you have asked for. We would be delighted if you kindly accept the report and oblige us thereby.On behalf of the group Jeener Badshah With Best Regards, Plaban Roy. Id. none 11-94732-2. MBA Course strategical Management. Section A. Department of Business Administration. Contents of term-paper as follows 1. Acknowledgement Letter 2. Executive Summary 3. explanation of Strategy 4. Most strategic Management Model 5. Company Detailed Profile including mission & vision and Organogram 6. PESTEL, SWOT and Porters Five Forces epitome 7. SWAN Analysis & TWOS matrix 8. Value Chain Analysis 9. endorse Model & SMARTER Model 10. The BCG chart 11.PURE Objectives & GREAT Model 12. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 13. EFE ground substance 14. CPM Matrix 15. QSPM Analysis 16. Financial Analysis 17. Competitor Analysis 18. Breakeven Analysis 19. KSF Analysis (Industry Key Success Factors) 20. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 21. Recommendation 22. cobblers last 23. References 2. Executive summary Saudi Aramco (Arabic ?Aramko s-Sa? udiyyah), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a Saudi Arabian national oil and inherent bollix upoline attach to based in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.Saudi Aramcos value has been estimated at up to US$10 trillion in the Financial Times, making it the worlds most valuable company. Saudi Aramco has both the largest proven crude oil reserves, at much than 260 zillion barrels (4. 1? 1010m3), and large st daily oil production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco operates the worlds largest mavin hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is 7. 9 billion barrels (1. 26? 109m3), and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 279 trillion standard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves.Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the worlds largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, one of the worlds largest oil fields. Operations Saudi Aramco is headquartered in Dhahran and its operations span the globe which embroil exploration, producing, e fag outation, chemicals, distribution and marketing. Objective of the study 24. PESTEL, SWOT and Porters Five Forces Analysis 25. SWAN Analysis TWOS Matrix 26. Value Chain Analysis 27. ViSA Model SMARTER Model 28. The BCG chart 29. PURE Objectives GREAT Model 30. Market Analysis including Market Segmentation 31.EFE Matrix 32. CPM Matrix 33. QSPM Analysis 34. Financial Analysis 35. Com petitor Analysis 36. Breakeven Analysis 37. KSF Analysis (Industry Key Success Factors) 38. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 39. Strategy Evaluation and Contingency Plan 3. Definition of strategy Strategy (Greek strategia, art of troop leader office of general, command, generalship) is a high level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty. Strategy becomes ever necessary when it is known or suspected there argon insufficient resources to achieve these goals.Strategy is also about attaining and maintaining a persuasion of advantage over adversaries through the successive exploitation of known or emergent possibilities rather than committing to any specific fixed plan designed at the outset. Henry Mintzberg from McGill University defined strategy as a pattern in a stream of decisions to contrast with a view of strategy as be after 2 while Max McKeown (2011) argues that strategy is about shaping the future and is the human attempt to get to desirab le ends with available means. neat Strategy + Good Strategy Execution = Good Management . Most strategic management model 1. PEST analysis 2. STEER Analysis 3. Five Forces Model 4. Strategic Group Map 5. SWOT analysis 6. Blue Ocean Strategies 7. Open innovation 8. seven S model 5. Company detailed profile including mission vision The worlds need for might is growing, but so too is our ability to meet that demand. Our teams have been discovering new and better ways of delivering crude oil energy since 1933. Find out more about our leadership, our history and the people who make us the worlds leading integrated petroleum enterprise.Who we are Not only is Saudi Aramco the state-owned oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, we are also a fully integrated, world(prenominal) petroleum and chemicals enterpriseand a world leader in exploration, production, refining, distribution, shipping and marketing. We manage the worldslargest proven conventional crude oil and condensate reserve sof 259. 7 billion barrels. Our average daily crude production in 2011 was 9. 1 million barrels per day (bpd). We also have stewardship over theworlds fourth-largest natural gas reservesof 282. trillion standard cubic feet (scf). Saudi Aramcos downstream accomplishments include our rank as the8th largest refiner in the world, with a worldwide refining capacity of 4. 02 million barrels per day (including domestic refineries, and domestic and international joint and equity ventures). We are also theworlds top exporter of natural gas liquids(NGL). Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco and its subsidiaries have offices throughout the Kingdom. We also have offices in North America, Europe and Asia.Our subsidiaries and affiliates are located in Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, India, the Netherlands, the land of Korea, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. Our operations span the Kingdom, including its territorial waters in the Arabian G ulf and the Red Sea, with production and distribution linking all market areas around the world. Vision * Future of energy * Reliable supply * Contributing to the economy * Developing human potential * Sustainability * Wellness Powering possibilitiesAt Saudi Aramco were leading the drive to solve some of the issues that matter most to the global energy industry. We consider it our responsibility to the Kingdom and the world. Transforming for the Future By 2020, Saudi Aramco lead have evolved from being the leading oil and gas company that it is today, into afully integrated, truly global energy and chemicals enterprisewith extensive operations across the globe. What we aim to be tomorrow will facilitate adiversified and sustainable amplificationof the Kingdom of Saudi Arabias economy and enable a globally competitive and vibrant Saudi energy sector.Our vision for the future is best described through the companys 2020 Strategic Intent * fictile our business portfolio throughesta blishing an integrated value chain approachin our crude oil mix, further develop the Kingdoms unconventional gas resources and become a leading global chemicals and refining company. * Supporting the Kingdom in building a vibrant energy industry by promoting an energy efficient economy,developing alternative energy options, and building a technology portfolio. Delivering an agile, flexible, and efficient organizationto achieve operational excellence and world-class reliability and synthetic rubber performance through improved operational efficiency, agile decision-making and budgeting activities, insightful performance measurements, and business process improvement. * Building capacity, knowledge, and skills to improve our processes and systems of leadership selection and development, performance evaluation, innovation, and seek and development. We will take the lead in developing a knowledge-based economy in Saudi Arabia.In short, we aim to unlock the potential of our people and our enterprise to alter from a company of which the Kingdom is proud into a company of which the world is proud. 6. Five Forces Model The five forces model is a framework that analysts use to gauge the interior factors affecting competition and the external factors affecting bargaining power. This helps to understand the industry and what strategies are needed to gain a competitive advantage ambition Among Existing Firms (Low) 1. Threat of New Entrants 2. Threat of Substitute Products 3. Bargaining Power of Customers . Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining Power of Suppliers * High competition among suppliers * Volume is censorious to suppliers Bargaining Power of Customers * Product is important to customer * Large number of customers Intensity of Existing Rivalry * Government limits competition * Large industry size Threat of Substitutes * Substitute is lower quality * Substitute has lower performance * Limited number of substitutes Threat of New Competito rs * Strong distribution network require * High capital requirements * High learning curve Entry barriers are high SWOT analysis Strengths * Spending on alternative energy. * Investment in high profile project. impuissancees * Declining sales of refined products, resulting in lowering top line growth. * Declining replacement rates in recent years. Opportunities * Growing Asian-Pacific population and expansion of their economy will lead to greater demand for energy * Bio-fuels and alternative energy methods Threats * Prolonged global recession * International Union Strikes and other global political events (Environmental issues) SWAN Analysis StrengthThe brand image they have created sustaining over 80 years. Management who are highly skilled and to operate the company Weakness Declining profit over the years Unable to cope up with the existing competitors to become the leader in the industry Achievements Have major achievement in taking out the oil from deep of the desert Emer ged as one of the biggest supplier of Oil Next Step Achieving the global leadership Beating the fold competitors Developing the skill of the local employees. TOWS Matrix Factors Weight Rate Weighted Score Opportunities Better management of product lines 0. 18 3 0. 54 globalisation 0. 21 4 0. 84 Environmental concerns 0. 21 4 0. 84 Threats Fierce competition 0. 2 3 0. 6 War and terrorist attack carry on 0. 2 3 0. 6 Total 1. 00 3. 42 Strength The brand image 0. 22 3 0. 66 Skilled management 0. 13 2 0. 26 Enriched natural resources 0. 15 3 0. 45 Weaknesses Improper utilization of natural resources 0. 25 3 0. 75 Lack of local skilled labor 0. 08 2 0. 16 Local technological non advancement 0. 17 2 0. 34 Total 1. 00 2. 62

How to Win Friends and Influence People Essay

An Essay on Dale Carnegies How to Win Friends and Influence People Dale Carnegies book entitled How to Win Friends and Influence People explores various delegacys on how to communicate efficiently and professionally. Each chapter speaks about different scenarios encountered by the author as easy as helpful guidelines on how to handle them. In this book, Carnegie focuses on the signifi preemptce of having good communication skills. He applies ethics, skills, and behaviour as well as human relations to his ideas and principles.As a reader, I visit this book, highly beneficial in enhancing ones professionalism. It can likewise help readers learn how to cope up with the challenges in the corporate and clientele orbital cavity particularly the ones that involve human relations. I specifically want to emphasize on these 10 areas 1. Learn how to establish a good first impression. This is in all probability the most challenging part of entering any professional dramatic art. Earning the respect of others is not an easy task. However, it is not impossible to lay down people like you either.Applying able knowledge in the field, understanding the market, willingness to explore various areas, creativity and resourcefulness all contribute to a good first impression. 2. Find a way to make people interested. One of the reasons behind the success of around businessmen and other professionals is that they know how to get the attention of others. This is a critical aspect for both businessman because it is necessary to make a mark in the field in order to be known. For instance, it is not enough for me to have a business going.I should know how to get the attention of my target customers and to keep them interested. In a business environment, it is not enough for me to have exceptional or extraordinary ideas. I should learn how to communicate and implement them in an appropriate manner in order to generate interest from others. 3. Know how to handle criticisms. Hand ling criticisms can be very difficult. It can create a negative impact and can challenge ones confidence. However, lettered how to handle criticisms very well can contribute to self improvement and better performance.In business scenarios, customers tend to criticize the products and services they get from companies. Successful businessmen should learn how to lay claim criticisms and consider them as learning in order to create avenues for improvement. 4. Establish good relationship with employees. This book had made me realize that I can fail a more successful businessman by establishing harmonious relationship with the people who work for me without necessarily crossing the boundaries of professionalism.Saying kind words and expressing mouthful can work wonders in establishing loyalty and work enthusiasm among employees. . Conquer fears. To become a successful professional or businessman, willingness to take risks is important otherwise, it would be impossible to move forward. I, for instance, should learn how to challenge myself and my capabilities in order to achieve more. Knowing how to make calculated risks can determine opportunities in order to make a business grow. 6. Develop confidence. This principle by Carnegie challenged me to believe in the things that I am capable of. This can be initiated by taking a few brave steps in order to become better.Self confidence comes from believing that all things are possible if they would be explored and given the chance. 7. acknowledge own mistakes. It is not easy to admit being wrong. However, finding lessons in my mistakes and allowing my self to learn from others can work wonders in my career in the field of business. It is all about learning from mistakes and avoiding them in the future. 8. Explore other opportunities. Making a business work requires intensive market research, thorough understanding of trends and knowing exactly what customers need.There are many opportunities that can make a business g row and the best way to start is by developing a relationship with target customers. Knowing my customers and making their suggestions count can help me in finding feasible opportunities for my business. 9. Work on communication skills. Making the just choice of words can minimize conflicts and can lead to better resolution of problems.An ideal businessman always treats his people, clients and customers with respect by communicating professionally and by not uttering hurtful or inappropriate words. 0. Consider learning as an active process. Do not just read but kinda apply the principles. Constantly applying what I have learned from this book in every opportunity that arises will allow me to master the skills. These are just some of the areas wherein I can apply the principles and rules that Carnegie has stated in his book How to Win Friends and Influence People. Learning how to apply them in different business scenarios can hitch success in earning friends in the industry and in inspiring other people as well.

Policy Framework Development

IntroductionIn this essay, I will handle the welfare cite since World War II and how it has impacted society in England and Wales. In addition, I will discuss the importance of social policy, how it was developed and the four most frequently used approaches. The ideas behind these approaches will be explained and some examples of such(prenominal) policies in different fields will be leadd. Overall, evidence will be provided on how social policy became educational discipline in its own right.The origins of the National wellness valueOne of the most drastic social policies put into action in England and Wales has been the implementation of free checkup preaching for all, through the National health Service. According to Alcock (2008), illness was very common and wellness compassionate expensive before the National wellness Service (NHS) came into existence in 1948. Poor housing, overcrowding, poor sanitation, malnutrition and deficiency of education were common, enabling th e spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Life anticipation was considerably lower, at a mere 60 classs. During the 19th century, health sustenance was provided through the workhouse, or municipal and voluntary hospitals. The rich were oft treated in their own homes or in a private practice. A lady Alm unitaryr was liable for carrying out a means test, which determined who got medical treatment, she was as well as responsible for approaching charities for funding. (Alcock, 2008) The ideology behind the development of the NHS was to put an end to ignorance, squalor, disease and poverty, by ensuring health vexation was available to all. This included free treatments for all, a family benefit scheme and full employment. Although some byword it as a politically risky move, Prime Minister Churchill gave his full backing for the NHS in 1943, consequently starting signal the reform towards free health care. As Bochel reports During 1944, White Paper proposing a natio nal health service, and the election of a force organization in 1945 made the establishment of a NHS almost certain. The necessary statute law was passed in the 1946 National Health Service Act. (Bochel, 2009, p. 332).Finally, the NHS became a reality on July 5th 1948. It was an enormous exertion but due to the significant investment in epoch, money and resources, it was not met without opposition- this was a cartridge holder when thither were food and fuel shortages, as well as a dollar economic crisis. However, the general existence wanted the naked as a jaybird service to succeed, and as such Britain became the first country in Western atomic number 63 to offer free medical service, funded through the general taxation system. According to Bevan It was establish on three core principles which include it meets the ineluctably of everyone, to be free at the point of delivery and it to be based on clinical needs, not exponent to pay. (National Health Service History, 2012 ). These core principles have remained the same since the psychiatric hospital of the NHS (Bochel, 2009,p. 332).However, free health care as provided by the NHS proved to be very expensive, with the drug amount increasing from ?13 million to ?41 million within the first two years of its creation. Additionally, as medicine progressed as a science, new technologies and methods increased the cost of the NHS from ?200 million to ?300 million. The formulation of free health care for all led to excess demand, adding pressure to the already limited medical resources. The Government was reluctant to cover the excess cost, as it needed to invest in other sectors, such as education. As a result, charges for certain go, such as spectacles and dentures, as well as for prescriptions were implemented (Alcock2008).Neo-liberal ideology and the NHSIn 1979, when the NHS had been in place for several decades, a Neo Liberal Government was elected, with little sympathy for the state provision of we lfare and the high level of expenditure associated with it (Bochel, 2009, p. 332). Neo-liberal ideology supports the shake-up of the financial and organizational aspects of health care services worldwide, based on the argument that the then-existing health systems had failed. According to the passport report in 1983, four major problems of health systems globally were i) misallocation of resources ii) inequity of accessing care iii) inefficiency and iv) exploding costs. It was claimed that government hospitals and clinics were often inefficient, suffering from highly centralised decision- devising, wide fluctuations in allocations, and poor motivation of workers (Alcock, 2008). Quality of care was also low, patient waiting generation were long and medical consultations were short, misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment were common. Also, the public sector had suffered from hard shortages of medical drugs and equipment, and the purchasing of brand-name pharmaceuticals instead of generic drugs was one of the main reasons for wasting the money spent on health (Navarro, 2007). Private providers were more technically efficient and offer a service that was perceived to be of higher quality.Neo-liberal policiesExamples of policies implemented by the Neo-Liberal Government were those based on cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness was presented as the main tool for choosing among feasible health interventions for specific health problems. Disability-ad in force(p)ed life years (DALYs) were used to measure the burden of disease and thus allowing comparisons between specific health problems. Greater reliance on the private sector to deliver clinical services was encouraged, with the expectation that it would raise efficiency. It was suggested that Governments should privatise the healthcare services, by selling the public goods and services, buying the services from the private sector, and supporting the private sector with subsidies. In coif to increase efficien cy, unnecessary legal and administrative barriers faced by private doctors and pharmacies would need to be removed. Neoliberal policies in healthcare were heavily criticised as they reportedly misdiagnosed the problems and its treatment, leading to a situation worse than it was before the policies were implemented. Shrinking from welfare state to tokenish liberal state, retreating from most of the public services and letting the area to irrationality of market dynamics is making pharmaceutical, medical technology, insurance, and law companies the lead actors. It has been claimed that a system providing services according ability-to-pay rather than healthcare need, ensures reduced availability and accessibility to services (Danis et al., 2008 Janes et al., 2006 Unger et al, 2008). bran-new Labour and the NHSIn 1997, the New Labour Government was elected, with a main focus to make a significant improvement on peoples health. This was evaluate to be through with(p) by rebuilding the health services within the NHS through decentralizing of power and decision-making to local health trusts. Decentralising was important in order to achieve increased responsiveness to local health needs by widening patient choice, and promoting organizational efficiency. The underlying premise was that decentralization would shorten the bureaucratic graded structure and allow flexibility for local trust managers and health professionals- thus improving organizational movement from the bottom-up (Crinson, 2009 p 139). In 1997 the Government put forward its plans in the White Paper The New NHS Modern, Dependable (Blakemore 2003p 172). The objective was to reduce bureaucratic control from the centre and restore autonomy to health professionals within the NHS. At the same time, the Government was determined to limit public expenditure by face at what was already put in place by the previous government. One of the new Labour objectives was to reduce the number of people on the treatm ent waiting list by offering patients great choice of provider at the point of inpatient referral. This was put in place from January 2006 onwards, where patients have been offered a choice of at least four hospitals when referred for treatment by their general practitioner. In addition, a new inpatient booking system was put in place, where patients themselves could book their place and time of treatment (Adam, 2006). In 1998, health inequality targets were included in the public service agreements with local government and cross-department machinery was created to follow up a Programme of Actions, which had the general aim to reduce inequality in terms of life expectancy at birth, and to reduce the infant mortality rate by 10 per cent by 2010 (Glennerster, 2007 p 253). Examples of health care policies implemented by New Labour are Maximum waiting times for in-patient treatment six months by 2005 and three months by 2008 Patients able to see a primary care practitioner within twe nty-four hours and a GP within forty- eight hours Maximum waiting time of four-hours in emergency rooms Plans to improve cancer treatment and health inequalities. In addition, in order to improve efficiency, two bodies were set up to give advice and push for more consistent and effective clinical standards in determining the cost of new drugs and procedures. This was the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) (Glennerster,2007 p 250). However, as argued by Peckham and colleagues (year?), the decentralization of the NHS had mixed results. They note that the process of decentralization was not clear and that there were contradictions, reflecting a simultaneous process of centralization and decentralization, in which local performance indicators were centrally-set. If achieved, this resulted in increased financial and managerial autonomy. However, there was some supportive evidence that decentralization had improved patients health outcome, as well as improved efficiency in coordination and communication processes (Crinson, 2009 p 140). The Government at the time met its target for treatment waiting lists by 2000- the number of people on the waiting list had fallen by 150,000. However, one main criticism came from the doctors, nurses and other health professionals where they were the ones dealing with prioritizing patients based on medical need, whilst having to explain to other anxious and angry patients why their treatment is delayed (Crinson, 2009). coalescency Government and the NHSIn 2010, the newly naturalized Coalition Government published the NHS White Paper Equity and Excellence Liberating the NHS policy, prepared by the Department of Health. This policy included important changes compared to those proposed by the previous Government, and reflected the aims of the Coalitions five year plan. Some of the proposed changes include i) responsibility for commissioning of NHS services shifted to GPs, as the Primary Care Trusts and Strategic Health Authorities were dissolved, and ii) Foundation Trust status granted to all hospitals, ensuring increased autonomy and decision-making power. These reforms were part of the Coalitions broader goal to give more power to local communities and empower GPs. By way of estimation, it is expected that this cost to about 45% for the NHS management. Strengthening of the NHS Foundation Trusts in order for these Trusts to provide financial jurisprudence for all NHS services was another objective of the reform. An independent NHS board was set up, with the aim to lead and grapple specialised care and GP commissioning respectively. The objectives behind the Coalition Governments plans was to increase health expenditure in real terms for each year of Parliament, with full awareness that this would impact the spending in other areas. The Coalition Government cool it maintained Beverage idea that all health care should be free and available to everybody at the point of delivery, instead of base d on the ability to pay. It was expected that this approach would improve standards, support professional responsibility, deliver better value for money and as such create a healthier nation. Although the Prime Minister rectified it in his speech, the Government failed to provide a clear account of the shortcomings of the NHS and its challenges. The preparation of the White Paper, which was to pass the coalition committees examination, saw more compromises. The elimination of PCTs was not foretold but the conservatives would make PCTs remain as the statutory commissioning strength responsible for public health despite their commitment to devolving real budgets to GPs. It was rumoured that the Liberal Democrats policy of elected representatives to PCTs front weak. The compromise was to give greater responsibility for public health to local authorities and eliminate PCTs. This resulted in the formation of the GP commissioning consortia and the Health and Wellbeing Boards. Despite co ncerns raised by stakeholders, the proposals saw just a few changes. Maybe we can call it a missed chance in retrospect. terminusIn conclusion, it can be argued that without the NHS coming to force when it did at such a dire time after the Second World War, the already high mortality rates would have continued to rise. The NHS was springy in changing peoples lives in England and Wales and around the world. The system was designed meet everyone needs, regardless of financial abilities and without discrimination. legion(predicate) changes have taken place since the birth of the NHS in 1948. Four different Governments adapted the NHS with their policies and legislation. However, throughout its evolution, the NHS still provides healthcare free of charge, as was intended from its conception.ReferencesAlcock, (2008). societal Policy in Britain. 3rd ed.Basingstoke Palgrace Macmillan Alexion Pharma (2010). government and Policy Online www. email protected addressable From http//www.pnh -alliance.org.uk/politics-and-policy/the-department-of-health-publishes-equity-and-excellence-liberating-the-nhs. Accessed on 06 Nov. 12 Blakemore, K (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 2nd ed. United Kingdom break University Press. Blakemore, K, Griggs, E. (2003). Social Policy an introduction. 3nd ed.England Open University Press. Bochel, H., Bochel, C., Page, R., Sykes, R. (2009). Social Policy Themes, Issues and Debates. 2nd ed. England Pearson Education Limited. Crinson, I. (2009) Health Policy a critical perspective. capital of the United Kingdom Sage Publication Ltd. Glennerster, H. (2007). British Social Policy. 3rd ed. Oxford Blackwell Publishing. Danis, M.Z., Karatas, K., Sahin, M.C. (2008). Reflections of neoliberal policies on healthcare field and social work practices. World Applied Sciences Journal, 5(2), 224-235. Ezeonu, I. (2008). Crimes of globalization health care, HIV and the poverty of neoliberalism in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Social Inqui ry, 1(2), 113-134. Hospital Stories from Hell National Health Videos (1998) DVD capital of the United Kingdom product line 4. Recorded off air 19/03/1998 Macara, S. ( 1998). Nursing Studies. BBC News True to its principles Online. Available from NHS Choices. Moonie N. (2003). Health and Social Care. Series ed. Oxford Heine Educational Publisher. Navarro, V. (2007). Neoliberalism as a class ideology or, the political causes of the growth of inequalities. Int J Health Serv, 37(1), 47-62. NHS. ( 2012). Nursing Studies. About the NHS NHS core principles Online. Available from NHS Choices. Oliver, Adam. Further progress towards reducing waiting times. Health Policy Monitor, April 2006. Available at http//www.hpm.org/survey/uk/a7/1 . Accessed on 14 Nov. 12 Pennies from Bevan National Health Videos (1998) DVD London Chanel 4. Recorded off air 14/06/1998 Rivett, G (2012). Nursing Studies, National Health Service History. Online. Available from http//www. NHS history.net Accessed 06 March 2 012). Socialist Health (2010). Coalition Health Policy 2010 Online http//www.sochealth.co.uk. Available From http//www.sochealth.co.uk/campaigns/health-and-social-care-bill-2012/coalition-health-policy-2010/. Accessed on 06 Nov.12 Viveash, B, Senior, M. (1998). Health and Illness. London Macmillan Press.

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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT TOPIC- ANTIMICROBIAL legal action OF disparate TYPES OF sweeten. PROJECT GUIDE- SUBMITTED BY- DR. AKSHAY GARG MOHIT KUMAR DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REG. NO. 10800037 ROLL NO- RB1R07B02 B. TECH BIOTECH. (8th sem. ) DATED- . 17-05-2012 CERTIFICATECertified that this bulge entitled anti microbial essential action of various types of dulcify submitted by MOHIT KUMAR , students of biotechnology Department, Lovely Professioal University, Phagwara Punjab in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the set apart of Bachelors of Technology (biotechnology) Degree of LPU, is a record of students own withdraw carried under my inadvertence & guidance. This report has not been submitted to any another(prenominal)(a) university or institution for the award of any degree.Date 17/5/2012 Name of Project Guide Dr. Akshay Garg DECLARATION I, MOHIT KUMAR, student of B. Tech biotechnology under Department of Biotechnology of Lovel y Professional Univerersity, Punjab, hereby decl ar that on the whole the information furnished in this dissertation / capstone project report is based on my own intensive investigate and is genuine. This dissertation / report does not, to the silk hat of my knowledge, contain part of my work which has been submitted for the award of my degree either of this niversity or any other university with bulge neat citation. Date 17/5/2012 Investigator- MOHIT KUMAR Regd. No. 10800037 Acknowledgement Any attempt at any aim cant be satisfactorily completed without the patronize and guidance of learned people in my capstone projectAntimicrobial operation of different types of lamb.I would like to express my immense gratitude to my guide Dr. Akshay Garg for his constant support and motivation that has encouraged me to come up with this project. I likewise would like to thanks my group ingredient who helped me in my project. MOHIT KUMAR ABSTRACT lamb is a traditional headal treatmen t for infected wounds. It can be issuanceive on antibiotic drug-resistant strains of bacterium. some(prenominal) local brands of love life(Dabur) collected from different firsts is apply in this study. Also the lamb is collected from non-homogeneous apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up).The bacterial culture were taken from the laboratory of the Lovely professional University and was revived in alimentary stemma media and then sub-cultured in nutrient nutrient agar-agar media. The method acting used to test this antibiotic sensitivity of dulcorate was done with the help of Kirby Bauer method . Marked variations were observed in the bactericide drill of these making love archetypes. Bacterial species used were vitamin B complex subtilis ,E. coli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia spp. The regulate of inhibition produced against different bacteria employ love of different assiduousness be as follows E. oli (pathankot judge) ascorbic acid% = 2. 6cm, 75% = 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm E. coli (dabur take in) cytosine% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm E. coli (saharanpur exemplification) carbon% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm B. subtilis (pathankot) degree Celsius% = 3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm B. subtilis (dabur) one hundred% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm B. subtilis (saharanpur)100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm Burkholderia spp. (pathankot) 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm Burkholderia spp. dabur) 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm Burkholderia spp. (saharanpur)100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm S. aureus (pathankot)100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm S. aureus (dabur)100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. 8cm S. aureus (saharanpur) 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm regularizes of inhibition of di fferent treatment groups were measured by agar- come up- diffusion assay and compargond with temper. The comparison of beloved sample with distilled water control had proved it significant.CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1. 1) Honey as bactericide agent 7 1. OBJECTIVE 9 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 10 3. 1 TYPES OF dearest 10 3. 2 COMPONENTS OF HONEY 11 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 4. MATERIAL 15 4. 2 METHOD 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 19 5. REFERENCES 32 1. ) INTRODUCTION Honey is a sweet food move in by bees using ambrosia from flowers. The Honey is a sweet, viscous fluid produced by bees from the collection of nectar, primarily from flowers. It is considered to be a natural syrup. The Nectar is gathered by the bees and is slowly transformed into passion, through a long rocess involving the addition of enzymes and the in small stages reduction of moisture. Honey is a rich source of carbohydrates mainly Fructose and Glucose. The chemical composition of sexual love varies depen ding on the plant source, season and production methods. Therefore the Colour, Concentration and Compounds vary depending on the floral sources. other(a) compounds which can be base in Honey include Proteins and venereal diseases such as Gluconic Acid (C6H11O7, in any end cognise as 2,3,4,5,6- pentahydroxyhexanoic Acid), Minerals and Anti-Oxidants such as Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) and Vitamins (B6 and B12), (BD.Yates et. al. 1996). Honey has a low pH and a low moisture content, which is usually on average about 17 percent. The Gluconic Acid in sweeten is produced when bees secrete Glucose Oxidase, while processing the nectar, this give honey a low pH. There are many varieties of honey from around the world which come in three main types which are liquid, whipped and comb. Several local brands of honey(Dabur) collected from different sources is used in this study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up) .Each of these honeys were chosen because they are organic and readily avail sufficient in health food stores 1. 1) The antibacterial drug Effects of Honey The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in special(a) Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobic personal dumbfound (Barret J. , et. al, 2005 Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004 Mundo, M A. 2004). The Mechanism of bacteriacide Properties Honey has many natural properties which enable it to inhibit bacteria.These properties include, a low pH which is in the commit of pH 3. 2 to 4. 5, approximately 3. 9 which is payable to its content of acidic compounds mainly Gluconic acid as stated above. A low pH is repressive to most bacteria. Since most bacteria live in environments around pH 7, the pH of honey could inhibit the bacteria (Barrett, J et. al. al 2005). This is because pH affects the elan large proteins such as enzymes work. Which causes the s hape of enzymes to change, which then alters the overall charge, this causes the protein to denature.Honey contains small amounts of Hydrogen gibe heat peroxide (H202) this varies depending on the honey, it is produced as a will of the enzyme glucose oxidase military action in producing Gluconic acid (Mundo, MA. et. al. 2004). C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 C6H12O7 + H2O2 (glucose oxidase reaction) When honey is used topically (as, for example, a wound dressing), henry peroxide is produced by dilution of the honey with body fluids. As a result, hydrogen peroxide is released slowly and acts as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is a powerful oxidising agent (Free Radical) which has the ability to injure cells.In an aqueous solution hydrogen peroxide acts like an acid and can oxidise a mixed bag of compounds, by accepting free unpaired electrons. This allows the formation of other free radicals, which then causes a exhibitioner effect. Therefore altering biological structures and thence damaging cells. Honey is primarily a saturated sort of two monosaccharide, with a low water bodily process most of the water molecules are associated with the sugars and few bear available for microorganisms, so it is a poor environment for their growth.If water is mixed with honey, it loses its low water natural process, and therefore no longer possesses this healthful property. Honey consists of various constituents such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, amino acid, energy and minerals. anyhow the major ones, there must excessively be several minor constituents in honey, which may be playing a key role in determining the antimicrobial behaviour of honey. In the past, antimicrobial activity of honey had been reported entirely by using aqueous solution of honey.It is said that honey possesses antibacterial property but it is not clear whether it is the bulk honey or some element of it. The antibacterial properties of honey speed up the growth of spic-and-span ti ssue to heal the wound. The bactericidal effect of honey is reported to be dependent on concentration of honey used and the nature of the bacteria Considering the fact that their might be some specific constituents which may be contributing to the antimicrobial behaviour, it was fixed to carryout the studies using different solvents.The present study therefore deals with the constituents in the different solvents followed by evaluation of move out for their antimicrobial behaviour against original species of bacteria. 2) OBJECTIVE Based on the above facts, the present study was delimitate with following objective 1) To check the antibacterial effect of different honeys on. a. positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive vitamin B subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 2) To check the effect of honey on bacterial strains using different-different dilutions. . 100% honey sample b. 75% honey sample c. 50% honey sample d. 25% h oney sample 3) To compare the effect of honey and control (Distilled water) on a. Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, b. Gram-negative Escherichia coli, c. Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis, and d. Gram- negative Burkholderia capicium 3) LITERATURE REVIEWS Honey has been used with medicinal purposes since ancient times and there are reports of its topic use by Ayurvedic medicine, dating back to 2500 b. c. Hippocrates prescribed the use of honey for several indications, including treatment of wounds and gastritis.Its better properties are mentioned in the Koran and in Bible. Honey is a part of traditional medicine for centuries. The antimicrobial activity of honey is due primarily to hydrogen peroxide produced enzymatically. However, in undiluted honey the sourness is as fountainhead as a significant antimicrobial factor. The pH, ranging from 3. 2 to 4. 5, is low enough to inhibit the development of pathogens, whose optimal pH range situates between 7. 2 and 7. 4. When applied to a ffected areas of tissue, acidity, osmotic effect and phytochemical factors decrease with dilution however, the activity of hydrogen peroxide increases from 2. to 50 times. On these values, peroxide acts as an antiseptic, without causing cell damage. The composition of sugars in honeys, from different floral origins, inhibits the development of various intestinal bacteria. All chemical and physical factors make the redress properties of honey unique fast decline of infections and healing of wounds, quick inflammation recovery, minimizing of wounds, stimulation of angiogenesis, as well as the development of epithelial and granular tissues. Honey to be used with topical medicinal purpose, certain requirements are needed, like being free f herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals and radioactive elements and sterilized to prevent indirect infections. 3. 1) TYPES OF HONEY ON BASIS OF FLORAL SOURCE- Blended- Most commercially available honey is blended, meaning it is a mixture of two or mo re honeys differing in floral source, emblazon, flavor, density or geographic origin. Polyfloral Polyfloral honey, alike known as wildflower honey, is derived from the nectar of many types of flowers. The taste may vary from year to year, and the sweetness and the flavor can be more or less intense, depending on which bloomings are prevalent.Monofloral- Monofloral honey is made primarily from the nectar of one type of flower. Different monofloral honeys have a distinctive flavor and color because of differences between their principal nectar sources. To produce monofloral honey, beekeepers keep beehives in an area where the bees have access to only one type of flower. Honeydew honey- Instead of taking nectar, bees can take honeydew, the sweet secretions of aphids or other plant sap-sucking insects. Honeydew honey is very dark cook in color, with a rich sugariness of stewed fruit or fig jam, and is not sweet like nectar honeys. . 2) COMPOSITION OF HONEY Carbohydrates Unsurprisi ngly, these comprise the major portion of honey about 82%. The carbohydrates present are the monosaccharide laevulose (38. 2%) and glucose (31%) and disaccharides (9%) sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, maltulose, turanose and kojibiose. There are also some oligosaccharides present (4. 2%), including erlose, theanderose and panose, formed from neither breakdown of the higher saccharides present in nectar and honeydew. Proteins and Amino Acids.Honey contains a form of enzymes, including invertase, which converts sucrose to glucose and levulose amylase, which breaks starch down into smaller units glucose oxidase, which converts glucose to gluconolactone, which in turn yields gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide catalase, which breaks down the peroxide formed by glucose oxidase to water and oxygen and acid phosphorylase, which removes inorganic phosphate from organic phosphates. Honey also contains eighteen free amino acids, of which the most abundant is proline. Vitamins, Minerals and AntioxidantsHoney contains trace amounts of the B vitamins riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. It also contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the minerals calcium, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, selenium, chromium and manganese. The main group of antioxidants in honey are the flavonoids, of which one, pinocembrin, is unique to honey and bee propolis. Ascorbic acid, catalase and selenium are also antioxidants. Generally speaking, the darker the honey, the great its antioxidising properties. Other compoundsHoney also contains organic acids such as acetic, butanoic, formic, citric, succinic, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic and gluconic acids, and a number of aromatic acids. The main acid present is gluconic acid, formed in the breakdown of glucose by glucose oxidase. Honey also contains hydroxymethylfurfural, a natural product of the breakdown of simple sugars below pH 5. According to studies done by Patricia E. Lusby et al Twelve of the 13 ba cteria were inhibited by all honeys used in this study with only Serratia marcescens and the yeast Candida albicans not inhibited by the honeys.Little or no antibacterial activity was seen at honey concentrations 1%, with minimal inhibition at 5%. No honey was able to produce complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Although Medi honey and manuka had the overall best activity, the locally produced honeys had equivalent inhibitory activity for some, but not all, bacteria. He then postulated that honeys other than those commercially available as antibacterial honeys can have equivalent antibacterial activity. These newly identified antibacterial honeys may prove to be a valuable source of future therapeutic honeys. According to Peter C.Molan (2001), honey may be the natural cure for most bacterial infections that could replace man-made antibiotics. inquiryers say that an enzyme in the honey turns into a tinyamount hydrogen peroxide when combined with bodily fluids killing nearby bact eria. Honey also causes an increase in lymphocyte andphagocyte activity (Cooper et al. , 2011). The honeys are shown to have antibacterial properties, in particular Manuka honey. Manuka Honey has had extensive research done on it. It has been shown in many studies that Manuka Honey has antimicrobial effects (Barret J. , et. al, 2005 Coumbes A. L. , et. al. 2004 Mundo, MA. 2004).In this study the antibacterial activity of the five honeys were compared, the Manuka honey was used as a positive control. The nonperoxide antibiotic activity is due to methylglyoxal (MGO) and an unidentified synergistic component. Most honeys contain very low levels of MGO, but manuka honey contains very high levels. The front end of the synergist in manuka honey more than doubles MGO antibacterial activity. In vitro antibacterial activity of raw and commercially available honey was tested against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerug inosa, Shigella spp. nd Salmonella spp. ). Both types of honey showed antibacterial activity against test organisms with the zone of inhibition ranging from 8. 13 to 30. 85 mm, while E. coli, S. aureus, and Shigella spp. showed sensibility towards both types of Honey. Both types of honey showed no effects on Salmonella spp. The laterality of honey at 100%concentration was found to be higher than all other concentrations tested. However, no effect was observed at concentration of 6. 25% v/v honey in the case of both samples(Patricia E. Lusby 2004).To study the antimicrobial activity of honey, 60 samples of various botanical origin were evaluated antimicrobial activities against 16 clinical pathogens and their respective reference strains. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effect employs the well-agar diffusion method and the estimation of minimum active dilution which produces a 1 mm diameter inhibition zone. Streptococcus pyogenes,Bacillus genus Cereus and Baci llus subtilis were proven to be up to 60% more resistant than their equal reference strains gum olibanum emphasizing the variability in the antibacterial effect of honey and the need for further research (C.Voidarou 2010). natural products, either as pure compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drugs because of the ready availability of chemical diversity (Cos et al. , 2006). Honey and lemon-honey are traditional remedies in the Middle due east and China and for many centuries and have been used in the treatment and prevention of the common cold and various upper respiratory tract infections (Molan, 1992 Zulma Lulat, 1989). antibacterial drug activity of the honeys was assayed using standard well diffusion methods. oncluded that the sandal timberland from different sources and mixture of of and -santanols were highly effective against gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia e and as well as yeast Candida albicans. The present work gives strong enjoin of antibacterial activities of honey, sandal oil and black genus Capsicum (Sheikh Ahmad 2002). In general, all types of honey have high sugar content as well as low water content and acidity, which prevent microbial growth.Osmotic effect, effect of pH and hydrogen peroxide are represented as an inhibition factor in honey (Postmes et al. , 1993). Most types of honey generate hydrogen peroxide when diluted because of the activation of the enzyme glucose oxidase, which oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (Schepartz and Subers, 1964). Hydrogen peroxide is the major reader to the antimicrobial activity of honey,and the different concentrations of this compound indifferent honeys result in their variable antimicrobial effects (Molan, 1992).Moreover, non peroxide factors also play critical role. The content of non peroxide factors are related to the floral source and sometimes account for t he major part of the antibacterial activity in honey(Molan and Russell, 1988). Forty samples of different honey types (Acacia, Ziziphus , Brassica and Citrus) were collected from different areas of Pakistan and analyzed for moisture, pH, total acidity, ash, electrical conductivity, hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF), sucrose, total sugars, invert sugar, protein, proline contents as well as macro and micro elements.The variation in composition of honey samples was observed due to different types of flora. Likewise, a significant level (P 0. 05) of ash, electric conductivity, sucrose, total sugar as well as macro and micro elements was also found in these honey types. Different formulations of honey has significantly inhibited growth of pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger when compared to control group, which is an evidence that honey is a therapeutic agent being used since ancient time throughout the world. Feng et. al. 1994) The disparity in the observed antibacterial activity can be due to several reasons. One calamity might be related to the differences in susceptibility of all(prenominal) species of microorganism to the antibacterial activity of honey used. Similar observations are reported by others (Nzeako and Hamdi 2000 Ceyhan and Ugur 2001 Taormina et al. 2001). As reported by others (Melissa et al. 2004) dilution of honey enhances hydrogen peroxide mediated antibacterial activity may explain some of the discrepancies of observed with the antibacterial activity of these honey.The presence of unstable hurlative agents and/or thermolabile antibacterial agent(s) could also be inactivated during the experimental procedure and thus may be considered as possible explanation of the observed insensitivity of some honey samples found in the approach study. 4. ) MATERIALS AND METHOD 4. 1) Materials Several local brands of honey and Dabur honey collected from different sources is used in th is study. Also the honey is collected from various apiaries from- Pathankot(Punjab) and Saharanpur (Up). In the antibacterial study, several bacterial species known to be pathogenic to human such as E. oli. , S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis was used. These strains were obtained from biotechnology lab. in accordance to habituated requirement. glaze over wares used- Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), Petri nursing homes, glass rod, test tubes spreader, glass beakers, Glass slides and cover slip, Plastic wares used- Beakers, Conical flask (500 milliliter), Conical flask (100 milliliter), dropper, appendrof tubes (2ml), auto pipette tips (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l) Instruments used- Hot air oven, Autoclave machine, Laminar air flow hood, Incubator, Microwave ovenOther existent used- Sprit lamp, cork borer,test tube stand, auto pipette (10? l, 100? l, and 1000? l), parafilm wax,,filter paper Chemicals used- nutritive agar, nutr ient caudex, Mueller Hinton agar, 70% Methanol, 100% methanol, ethyl alcohol ,sodium chloride. 4. 2) Methods Physicochemical study Appearance of different honeys was observed. pH is determined using conventional procedure like using ph scale. bactericide study Antibacterial study was carried out in steps. In the first step, an in vitro screening will be carried out using either disc diffusion or well diffusion method.Well diffusion was carried out using plate diffusion, which I preferred. Preparation of test materials Test materials will be prepared by diluting each honey at different dilutions, 25 ? l/100 ? l, 50 ? l/100 ? l, 75 ? l/100 ? l and one with no dilution. Moreover, net honey was also used as test material. All dilutions were carried out with double distilled and deionised sterilized water. 3. 2. 1) Source of bacterial strains The E. coli. , S. aureus, Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis were revived from the farm animal available in the various Biotechnology laboratories of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab), India.Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth- 100ml nutrient broth was prepared and ten test tubes were taken, autoclaved, and after this the Bacterial strains was inoculated in the nutrient broth in different test tubes and then incubated for 24 hours in incubator . Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on consentient media- For All Bacterial strains- 5. 6g of Nutrient agar was added to the 200ml of purified water. Then solution was heated and boiled for 1 turn to completely dissolve the powder. Then media was autoclaved.Then media(10-15 ml) was poured in Petri plates. Then Bacterial strains were added to media. Then Petri plate were kept in incubator for 18-48 hours at 37 degree C. Saline preparation Take . 58g of Nacl and dissolve it to 10ml of distled water and make saline before 15 min of spreading and take the colonies from the nutrient agar plates and mix the right way in the saline. Nutrien t agar medium for antimicrobial testing 7g of nutrient agar medium was added to the 250 ml of distilled water and heated for 1 minute to complete dissolve medium then autoclaved .After that pouring the petriplates and leave it 20 minute for solidify medium and make surface , after solidify cat the different Honeys in the wells and kept it to incubate for 18-48 hours at 37C. Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method The bacterial strains were inoculated into 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth, and incubated at 37 C for 18 h. Each culture was then spreaded on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plate and also pour-plated in nutrient agar media to perform the test in triplet, one with the control and the other two ith the test sample. Making the wells With the help of a cork borer make wells in the agar carefully without tearing the gel. In two agar plate of all four sets, four wells were prepared with the help of sterilized cork borer. Then with the hep of mi cropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the wellIn the wells of two plates of each set, samples of following concentrations (1) 100% sterile Honey(2) 75% sterile Honey(3) 50% sterile Honey and (4) 25% sterile Honey were added by using micropipette. Also in the a well water was added as negative control.Then with the help of micropipette put 100 micro litre of honey sample into the well Replace the lid of the plate between putting sample into wells to minimize exposure to air-borne contaminants. Cover the lid tightly with paraffin immortalise to avoid contamination. Incubation of the plates . A temperature range of 35C 2C is required for 24-48 hours. Do not incubate plates in carbon dioxideas this will decrease the pH of the agar and result in errors due to incorrect pH of the media. Measuring zone of inhibition 1.Following incubation, measure the zone sizesto the nearby millimeterusing a ruler or caliper include the diameter of the well in the measurement . 2. All mea surements were made with the unaided eye while viewing the back of the petri dish. Hold the plate a few inches above a black, nonreflecting surface illuminated with reflected light . 3. Record the zone size on the recording sheet. shapeure1 Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method 4. )RESULTS Sub-culturing of bacterial strains in nutrient broth- Figure2 Culture E. coli. , S. ureus and Burkholderia capicium and Bacillus subtilis in Nutrient broth media. Sub-culturing of the bacterial strains on solid media- Fig. 3 E. coli subcultured on nutrient agar Fig. 4 B. Subtilis subcultured on nutrient agar Testing of antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion method Fig 5 No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which E. coli is grown Fig 6 No antibacterial activity seen as no honey is poured (taken as negative control) in which Bacillus subtilis is grown ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST E. coliFIG. 7 ZONES OF proscription BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY(pathankot sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 6cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm,and 25%= 1. 2cm FIG. 8 ZONES OF proscription BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (dabur sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 2cm, 75%= 1. 6cm, 50%= 1. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 1cm FIG. 9 ZONES OF proscription BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY (saharanpur sample) IN E. coli 100% = 2. 8cm, 75%= 2. 4cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%= 1. 7cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST B. subtilis FIG. 10 ZONES OF prohibition BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN B. subtilis (pathankot sample) 100% = 3. cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 7cm, and 25%= 2. 5cm FIG. 11 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (dabur sample) 100% = 2. 7cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 4cm, and 25%= 2. 2cm FIG. 12 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in B. subtilis (saharanpur)100% = 3. 2cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 3cm, and 25%= 1. 5cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST Burkholderia cap acium FIG. 13 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY in Burkholderia capacium (pathankot sample) 100% = 2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 6cm, and 25%= 1. 4cm FIG. 4 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (dabur) 100% = 2. 4cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 5cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 15 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY Burkholderia capacium (saharanpur)100% = 2. 5cm, 75%= 1. 9cm, 50%= 1. 7cm, and 25%=1. 4cm ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HONEYS AGAINST S. Aureus FIG. 16 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (pathankot)100%=2. 1cm, 75%= 1. 7cm, 50%= 1. 4cm, and 25%=1. 2cm FIG. 17 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY S. aureus (dabur)100% =3. 0cm, 75%= 2. 7cm, 50%= 2. 2cm, and 25%=1. cm FIG. 18 ZONES OF INHIBITION BY VARIOUS DILUTIONS OF HONEY IN S. aureus (saharanpur) 100% = 2. 9cm, 75%= 2. 5cm, 50%= 2. 0cm, and 25%=1. 6cm Appearance Appearance of each of honey brand was examined and it was observed th at honey were brown to dark brown in color, whereas other honey were golden yellow in color. Dabur honey- golden saturation,transparent Pathankot sample golden colour with sufficient transparency Saharanpur sample dark yellow colour with zero transparency The transparency is due to processing of honey,while less transparent samples are unprocessed and taken directly from bee hive.Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of stifling by different concentration of Pathankot honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. coli. 0. 0 2. 6 1. 9 1. 7 1. 2 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 7 2. 5 S. aureus 0. 0 2. 1 1. 7 1. 4 1. 2 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 1 1. 9 1. 5 1. 4 Table2- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of dabur honey sample on different Bacterial strains.Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(st erile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. coli. 0. 0 2. 2 1. 6 1. 3 1. 1 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 2. 7 2. 5 2. 4 2. 2 S. aureus 0. 0 3. 0 2. 7 2. 2 1. 8 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 4 1. 7 1. 5 1. 2 Table 1- Diameter of the Zone of Inhibition by different concentration of Saharanpur honey sample on different Bacterial strains. Bacterial strains Zone of Inhibition (in cm) Control(sterile DistilledWater) 100%Honey sample 75%Honey sample 50%Honey sample 25%Honey sample E. oli. 0. 0 2. 8 2. 4 2. 3 1. 7 Bacillus subtilis 0. 0 3. 2 2. 7 2. 3 1. 5 S. aureus 0. 0 2. 9 2. 5 2. 0 1. 6 Burkholderia capicium 0. 0 2. 5 1. 9 1. 7 1. 4 In the preliminary screening process was observed that some honey brands have more while some other have less antibacterial activity. Some honey showed antibacterial effect against E. Coli and some showed strongest activity against Bacillus subtilis ,S. aureus and Burkholderia capicium. Clear zones of inhibition were produced by concentrated without dilution.Through the analysis of average values of the diameters of each honey, it is possible to vulgarize a possible pattern in which commercial honeys, such as DABUR honey, have a greater average diameter while the homemade honeys from different regions, have a lower average diameter even at less concentrations, but the best antimicrobial activity was shown by Saharanpur honey sample with was collected directly from the apiary without any processing and it showed clear and large inhibition zones for all bacterial strains which were used for this test.Though after the dilutions were made, the low concentrated samples of Saharanpur honey resulted in rather poor antimicrobial activity. The wells in which water was loaded shoed absolutely no antimicrobial activity which was used as negative control. The results also showed that lower concentration of honey made through dilution shows less antimicrobial activity than concentrated ones. Thus honey are definitely effective against the bacterial strains at all concentrations. 6) REFERENCES Bibi S, ibn Talal Hussein SZ, Malik RN (2008). Pollen analysis and heavy metals detection in honey samples from seven selected countries. Pak. J. Bot. 40(2) 507-516 * Cooper R. A. , Molan P. C. , Harding K. G. (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds, J. R. Soc. Med. 92, 283285. * Cooper R. How does honey heal wounds? In Munn P, Jones R,editors. Honey and Healing. UK International Bee Research Association 2001. * de Jong H. 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